Apple II
Technical Notes
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                                                  Developer Technical Support


#0: About Apple II Technical Notes                               January 1991
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Technical Note #0 (this document) accompanies each release of Apple II Technical
Notes.  This release includes revisions to Apple IIgs 3-4, 24, 34, 59, 73, and
83 and GS/OS 1 and 13, new Notes for the Apple IIgs (98-100), as well as an
index to all released Apple II Technical Notes, File Type Notes, and Sample
Code.  If there are any subjects which you would like to see treated in a
Technical Note (or if you have any questions about existing Technical  Notes),
please contact us at one of the following addresses:

                    Apple II Technical Notes
                    Developer Technical Support
                    Apple Computer, Inc.
                    20525 Mariani Avenue, M/S 75-3T
                    Cupertino, CA 95014
                    AppleLink:  AIIDTS
                    MCI Mail:  AIIDTS (264-0103)
                    Internet:  AIIDTS@AppleLink.Apple.com

We want Technical Notes to be distributed as widely as possible, so they are
sent to all Partners and Associates at no charge; they are also posted on
AppleLink in the Developer Services bulletin board and other electronic
sources, including the Apple FTP site (IP 130.43.2.3).  You can also order
them through APDA.  As an APDA customer, you have access to the tools and
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                    Apple Computer, Inc.
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                    Cupertino, CA 95014
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                    Fax:  (408) 562-3971
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                    Internet:  APDA@AppleLink.Apple.com

We place no restrictions on copying Technical Notes, with the exception that you
cannot resell them, so read, enjoy, and share.  We hope Apple IITechnical Notes
will provide you with lots of valuable information while you are developing
Apple II hardware and software.  The following pages list allApple II Technical
Notes that have been released.

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Released Apple II Technical Notes                                January 1991

                                                                      New ***
                                                                  Revised *R*
Apple IIc

            1    Mouse Differences On IIe and IIc                       11/88
            2    40-Column and Double High-Resolution Graphics          11/88
            3    Foreign Language Keyboard Layouts                      11/88
            4    Dvorak Keyboard Layout                                 11/88
            5    Memory Expansion on the Apple IIc                      11/88
            6    Buffering Blues                                        11/88
            7    Existing Versions                                      11/88
            8    Single-Sided 3.5" Media and the Apple IIc Plus          5/89
            9    Detecting VBL                                          11/90

Apple IIe

            1    Overview of the Apple IIe                              11/88
            2    Hardware Protocol for Doing DMA                        11/88
            3    Double High-Resolution Graphics                        11/88
            4    RDY line                                               11/88
            5    /INH line                                              11/88
            6    The Apple II Paddle Circuits                           11/88
            7    Interfaces--Serial, Parallel, and IEEE-488             11/88
            8    Known Anomalies of Enhanced IIe ROMs                   11/88
            9    Switch Input Changes                                   11/88

Apple IIgs

            1    How to Install Custom BRK and /NMI Handlers            11/88
            2    Transforming I/O Subroutines for Use in "Native" Mode  11/88
    *R*     3    Window Information Bar Use                              1/91
    *R*     4    Changing Graphics Modes in Mid-Application              1/91
            5    Window and Menu Titles                                 11/90
            6    QuickDraw II Pattern Data Structure                     7/89
            7    Halt Mechanism in IIgs SANE                            11/88
            8    Elems Functions in IIgs SANE                           11/88
            9    IIgs Sound Expansion Connector:                        11/88
                 Analog Input/Output Impedances
           10    InvalRgn Twist                                         11/88
           11    Ensoniq DOC Swap-Mode Anomaly                          11/88
           12    Tool Set Interdependencies                              1/90
           13    ROM 1.0 Modem Firmware Bug                             11/88
           14    Standard File Calls and GrafPort Records               11/88
           15    InstallFont and Big Fonts                               7/89
           16    Notes on Background Printing                           11/88
           17    Application Memory Management & the MMStartUp User ID  11/88
           18    Do-It-Yourself SCC Access                               7/90
           19    Multichannel Output with the                           11/88
                 Apple IIgs Note Synthesizer
           20    Catalog of APW Language Numbers                         3/90
           21    DMA Compatibility for Expansion RAM                    11/88
           22    Proper Use of Dynamic Segments                          9/90
           23    Toolbox Use of DOC RAM                                 11/88
    *R*    24    Apple IIgs Toolbox Reference Updates                    1/91
           25    Apple IIgs Firmware Reference Updates                   9/90
           26    ROM Revision Summary                                    9/89
           27    Graphics Image File Formats                            11/88
           28    Interface Card Design Guidelines                       11/88
           29    Monochrome High-Resolution Mode                        11/88
           30    Apple IIgs Hardware Reference Updates                   9/90
           31    Redirecting Output in APW C                            11/88
           32    /INH Line Anomaly                                      11/88
           33    ERRORDEATH Macro                                       11/88
    *R*    34    Low-Level QuickDraw II Routines                         1/91
           35    Printer Driver Specifications                           9/90
           36    Port Driver Specifications                              9/89
           37    Free-Form Synthesizer Tips                             11/88
           38    List Controls in Dialog Boxes                           9/90
           39    Mega II Video Counters                                  7/89
           40    VBL Signal                                              7/89
           41    Font Family Numbers                                    11/90
           42    Custom Windows                                         11/88
           43    Undocumented Feature of CalcMenuSize                   11/88
           44    GetPenState and SetPenState Record Error               11/88
           45    Parameters for GetFrameColor                            9/89
           46    DrawPicture Data Format                                11/88
           47    What SetDataSize Does                                  11/88
           48    All About AlertWindow                         obsolete 11/90
           49    Rebooting (Really)                                      1/89
           50    Extended Serial Interface Error Handling                1/89
           51    How to Avoid Running Out of Memory                      9/90
           52    Loading and Special Memory                              7/89
           53    Desk Accessories and Tools                              9/90
           54    MIDI Drivers                                           11/90
           55    Avoiding ClrHeartBeat                                   7/89
           56    Managing Dynamic Segments                     obsolete 11/90
           57    Preventing Memory Compacting and Purging                7/89
           58    Keyboard Modifiers Register Anomaly                     7/89
    *R*    59    Do Not Create Zero-Length Text Scraps         obsolete  1/91
           60    Menu Manager Memorabilia                               11/90
           61    Window Title Handles                                    7/89
           62    No Non-Solid Window Background Patterns                 7/89
           63    Master Color Values                                     7/89
           64    Apple IIgs Installer and Installer Scripts              9/89
           65    Control-^ is Harder Than It Looks                       9/89
           66    ExpressLoad Philosophy                                  9/90
           67    LaserWriter Font Mapping                               11/89
           68    Tips for I/O Expansion Slot Card Design                 9/89
           69    The Ins and Outs of Slot Arbitration                    5/90
           70    Fast Graphics Hints                                     9/89
           71    DA Tips and Techniques                                  9/90
           72    QuickDraw II Quirks                                    11/90
    *R*    73    Using User Tool Sets                                    1/91
           74    A Faster List Manager Draw Routine                     11/89
           75    BeginUpdate Anomaly                                     1/90
           76    Miscellaneous Resource Formats                          5/90
           77    Print Manager & AppleTalk Configuration Files           1/90
           78    Bank Alignment and Memory Management                    3/90
           79    Integer Math Data Types                                 5/90
           80    QuickDraw II Clipping                                   3/90
           81    Extended Control Ecstasy                               11/90
           82    Controlling the Control Manager               obsolete 11/90
    *R*    83    Resource Manager Stuff                                  1/91
           84    TaskMaster Madness                                      7/90
           85    Moving the Mouse                                        7/90
           86    Risking Resourceful Code                                9/90
           87    Patching the Tool Dispatcher                            9/90
           88    The Page One Stack in a 16-Bit World                    9/90
           89    MessageByName--Catchy Messages                          9/90
           90    65816 Tips and Pitfalls                                11/90
           91    The Wonderful World of Universal Access                 9/90
           92    Twisted Tales of TextEdit                              11/90
           93    Compatible Printing                                     9/90
           94    Packing It In (and Out)                                 9/90
           95    ROM Diagnostic Errors                                   9/90
           96    Standard File Customization                            11/90
           97    Picture Comments and Printing                          11/90
    ***    98    Aren't Windows a Pane?                                  1/91
    ***    99    Supplemental Scrap Types                                1/91
    ***   100    VersionVille                                            1/91

Apple II Miscellaneous

            1    80-Column Screen Dump                                  11/88
            2    Apple II Family Identification Routines 2.1            11/88
            3    Super Serial Card Firmware Bug                         11/88
            4    AppleWorks Keys                                         5/89
            5    AppleWorks File Formats                                 5/89
            6    IWM Port Description                                   11/88
            7    Apple II Family Identification                         11/88
            8    Pascal 1.1 Firmware Protocol ID Bytes                  11/88
            9    AppleSoft Real Variable Storage                        11/88
           10    80-Column GetChar Routine                               9/89
           11    Examining the $C800 Space from AppleSoft                5/89
           12    Apple II Firmware WAIT Routine                         11/88
           13                                                        not used
           14    Guidelines for Telecommunication Programs               7/89
           15    Compatibility Across Apple II Models                    1/90
           16    Apple II Parallel Interface Card Firmware               7/90
           17    Buried Treasures of the Video Overlay Card              9/90

AppleTalk

            1    Identifying AppleTalk                                   3/90
            2    ProDOS 8 Compatibility on the IIe and IIgs             11/88
            3    Avoiding Remote Printer Time-Outs                       9/89
            4    Printing Through the Firmware                           9/90
            5    SPCommand Calls and Error $0702                         7/89
            6    Apple IIe Workstation Card Anomalies                    7/89
            7    MLIACTV Flag and the IIe Workstation Card              11/89
            8    Using the @ Prefix                                      9/90
            9    The PAP Status Buffer                                  11/90

GS/OS

    *R*     1    Contents of System.Disk and System.Tools                1/91
            2    GS/OS and the 80-Column Firmware                       11/88
            3    Pointers on Caching                                    11/88
            4    A GS/OS State of Mind                                   7/89
            5    Resource Fork Formats                                   7/89
            6    Drivers and GS/OS Direct Page                          11/90
            7    Behavior of SET_DISKSW                                  7/89
            8    Filenames With More Than CAPS and Numerals              7/89
            9    Interrupt Handling Anomalies                            5/90
           10    How Applications Find Their Files                       9/90
           11    About EraseDisk and Format                             11/90
           12    All About Notify Procs                                  9/90
    *R*    13    GS/OS Reference Errata                                  1/91

ImageWriter

            1    Custom Font Selection                                  11/88

Memory Expansion Card

           1    Questions and Answers                                   11/88

Mouse

            1    Interrupt Environment with the Mouse                   11/88
            2    Varying VBL Interrupt Rate                             11/88
            3    Mode Byte of the SetMouse Routine                      11/88
            4    Mouse Firmware Bug Affecting ServeMouse                11/88
            5    Check on Mouse Firmware Card                           11/90
            6    MouseText Characters                                    1/89
            7    Mouse Clamping                                         11/88

Pascal

            4    Pascal Declarations and the Directory Structure        11/88
                 of a Blocked Volume
           10    Configuration and Use of the Apple II Pascal           11/88
                 Run-Time Systems
           12    Disk Formatter Routine                                 11/88
           14    Apple Pascal 1.3 TREESEARCH and IDSEARCH               11/88
           15    Apple II Pascal SHORTGRAPHICS Module                   11/88
           16    Driver to Have Two Volumes on One 3.5" Disk            11/88
           17    SYSTEM.APPLE Patch V2.0                                 3/90

ProDOS 8

            1    The GETLN Buffer and a ProDOS Clock Card               11/88
            2    Porting DOS 3.3 Programs to ProDOS and BASIC.SYSTEM    11/88
            3    Device Search, Identification, and Driver Conventions  11/88
            4    I/O Redirection in DOS and                             11/88
            5    ProDOS Block Device Formatting                         11/88
            6    Attaching External Commands to BASIC.SYSTEM            11/88
            7    Starting and Quitting Interpreter Conventions          11/88
            8    Dealing with /RAM                                      11/88
            9    Buffer Management Using BASIC.SYSTEM                   11/88
           10    Installing Clock Driver Routines                       11/88
           11    The ProDOS 8 MACHID Byte                               11/88
           12    Interrupt Handling                                     11/88
           13    Double High-Resolution Graphics Files                  11/88
           14    Selector and Dispatcher Conventions                    11/88
           15    How ProDOS 8 Treats Slot 3                             11/88
           16    How to Format a ProDOS Disk Device                     11/88
           17    Recursive ProDOS Catalog Routine                       11/89
           18    /RAM Memory Map                                        11/88
           19    File Auxiliary Type Assignment                         11/88
           20    Mirrored Devices and SmartPort                         11/88
           21    Identifying ProDOS Devices                              3/90
           22    Don't Put Parameter Blocks on Zero Page                 7/89
    *R*    23    ProDOS 8 Changes and Minutia                            9/90
    *R*    24    BASIC.SYSTEM Revisions                                  9/90
           25    Non-Standard Storage Types                              7/89
           26    Polite Use of Auxiliary Memory                          1/90
           27    Hybrid Applications                                     1/90
    ***    28    ProDOS Dates--2000 and Beyond                           9/90
    ***    29    Clearing the Backup Needed Bit                          9/90

SmartPort

            1    SmartPort Introduction                                 11/88
            2    SmartPort Calls Updated                                 9/89
            3    SmartPort Bus Architecture                             11/88
            4    SmartPort Device Types                                 11/88
            5    SCSI SmartPort Call Changes                            11/90
            6    Apple IIgs SmartPort Errata                            11/90
            7    SmartPort Subtype Codes                                11/88
            8    SmartPort Packets                                       5/89
            9    Apple II SCSI Errata                                    7/90

UniDisk 3.5

            1    UniDisk 3.5 Internals                                  11/88
            2    UniDisk 3.5 ID Bytes                                   11/88
            3    STATUS Call Bug                                        11/88
            4    Accessing Macintosh Disks                              11/88
            5    Architectural Differences Between 3.5" Drives          11/88
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