

X-Ref (Cross-Reference)
to
Apple II Programming Books

The X-Ref to Apple II Programming Books is a compilation of the glossaries
and indexes from the books and references listed below.  It is intended to
be a "look here first" book for helping you find the definition to terms
used in any of these sources of technical information.  In addition, the
compiled index will help you find what you are looking for across the
entire suite.

The books covered, and the initials used to represent them are:

   Apple IIc Technical Reference            CTR
   Apple IIe Technical Reference            ETR
   Apple IIgs Firmware Reference            GSF
   Apple IIgs Hardware Reference            GSH
   ProDOS 16 Technical Reference            P16
   Programmer's Introduction to the Apple IIgs      PI
   Technical Introduction to the Apple IIgs      GST
   Apple IIgs Toolbox Reference (treated as a whole)   GSTR
   Technical Notes
      Apple IIe Tech Notes            IIe
      Apple IIc Tech Notes            IIc
      Apple IIgs Tech Notes            IIGS
      Apple II Miscellaneous Tech Notes      Miscellaneous
      AppleTalk Tech Notes            AppleTalk
      GS/OS Tech Notes               GS/OS
      ImageWriter Tech Notes            ImageWriter
      Memory Expansion Card            Memory Expansion Card
      Mouse Tech Notes               Mouse
      ProDOS 8 Tech Notes            ProDOS
      Pascal Tech Notes               Pascal
      SmartPort Tech Notes            SmartPort
      UniDisk 3.5 Tech Notes            UniDisk 3.5

The X-Ref contains two sections.  The first is the complete glossary from all
of the books listed.  The second section is the combined index from all of
the above technical references.

I hope that you find the X-Ref to be a valuable tool for your programming
the AppleII line of computers.

Tom Chavez
Product Manager,
X-Ref (Cross-Reference) to Apple II Programming Books1	X-Ref Index	4/14/89

4/14/89	X-Ref Index	1


Index

#6 command  CTR-155
#7 command  CTR-169
#8 command  CTR-169
#include statement  GSTR-2-6
$ (dollar)  CTR-225
$C0  IIGS #27
$C1  IIGS #27
$C300 space  GS/OS #2
$C800 I/O space  Miscellaneous #3
$C800 space  Miscellaneous #11
* (asterisk) as prompt character  ETR-62
* (asterisk)  CTR-59,CTR-104
. (period) as Monitor command  ETR-102
. (period)  CTR-206
:   (colon) as Monitor command  ETR-105
: (colon)  CTR-216,CTR-224
>   (greater than sign) as prompt character  ETR-62
?   (question mark) as prompt character  ETR-62
? (question mark)  CTR-59,CTR-169,CTR-179
@ (at sign)  CTR-113
\ (backslash)  CTR-59,CTR-63
] (right bracket) as prompt character  ETR-62
^ (caret)  ETR-122, ETR-125, CTR-225
_ (underscore)  CTR-179
a (Open Apple)  ETR-11-14, ETR-228
a (Solid Apple)  ETR-11-14, ETR-228
/RAM  ProDOS #8, #16, #18, #21
/RAM5  GST-40, GST-79
/SYSTEM.DISK  GS/OS #1
/SYSTEM.TOOLS  GS/OS #1
01 time  IIe #2
0o time  IIe #2
1 MHz speed  GST-15, GST-76
128K Apple II  GST-xiv
   display modes  GST-86
   memory bank emulation  GST-15
128K Apple IIe, graphic display  features  GST-20-21
128K Run-Time Systems  Pascal #10
14M signal  ETR-163
16-bit mode.  See native mode
3.5 ROM IIc  IIc #7
3.5" Disks  Pascal #16
3.5" drive differences  UniDisk 3.5 #5
320 graphics mode  GST-22, GST-24, IIGS #4, PI-7, PI-80, PI-98, PI-99, PI-147 PI-100
3D0G  IIe #3
40-column display  IIc #2, CTR-5,CTR-50,CTR-86,CTR-91,CTR-92,CTR-94,CTR-259,CTR-358, GST-20, GST-46
   addressing  CTR-263
   map  CTR-107
   memory  CTR-261
   switching to  CTR-5
40-column text  ETR-21, ETR-22
40-column text display  GSH-58, GSH-59, GSH-67, GSH-75-76
   display pages  ETR-27-28
   generation  ETR-178-179
   memory map  ETR-33, ETR-177
   with TV set  ETR-16
400K disks  UniDisk 3.5 #4
40COL  IIGS #29
48K memory  CTR-36-39
   switches  CTR-39
48K Run-Time System  Pascal #10, #15
5.25-inch floppy disks  GST-40, P16-46
50740A chip (Keyboard  Microprocessor)  GST-12
558 timer  IIe #6
640 graphics mode  GST-22-24, GST-61, IIGS #4, PI-7, PI-80, PI-98, PI-99, PI-102
64K Apple II  GST-xiv
64K Run-Time Systems  Pascal #10
6502  GSH-2, GSH-3, GSH-198
6502 emulation mode  , See 65816 microprocessor, 6502 emulation mode
6502 microprocessor  ETR-xx, ETR-6, GSF-8, P16-4, P16-9, P16-75, PI-x, PI-xi, PI-3, PI-9, PI-294-295
   differences from 65C02  ETR-6, ETR-209-210
   instruction set  GST-4-5, GST-8
   memory addressing  GST-16-17
65C02 microprocessor  GSH-198, CTR-13,CTR-75,CTR-237-241,CTR-297-307, ETR-xx, ETR-6, ETR-209-219
   addressing modes  CTR-26,CTR-302,CTR-304
   block diagram  CTR-237-238,CTR-299
   characteristics  CTR-300-301
   data sheets  CTR-298-307, ETR-210-219
   differences from 6502  ETR-6, ETR-209-210
   enhancements  CTR-301
   instruction mnemonics  CTR-302
   instruction set  CTR-306
   interrupt handling  CTR-333
   operational codes  CTR-306-307
   pin configuration  CTR-299
   pin function  CTR-300
   programming model  CTR-303
   ratings  CTR-300
   registers  CTR-18-19
   signal description  CTR-305
   specifications  CTR-239, ETR-161-163
   stack  ETR-78
   timing  CTR-239-241,CTR-302
   versus 6502  CTR-297-298
   timing  ETR-162-163
65816 assembly language  GSF-54  See assembly language, GST-8
65816 microprocessor  PI-xiv, PI-3-5, PI-10, PI-65, PI-291, GSF-8-9, GSH-2, GSH-3, GSH-7, GSH-167, GSH-168, GSH-196-227
   6502 emulation mode  GST-5, GST-13-14, GST-75-76, GST-89, GSF-14, GSH-198, GSH-201
      Apple II program  compatibility  GST-96-97
      direct page location  GST-83, GST-84
      disassembler support  GST-50
      I/O shadowing  GST-29
      mini-assembler support  GST-50
      mixing program  environments  GST-88-89
      operating system overview  GST-95
      program enhancement  GST-97
      program environments  summarized  GST-89
      registers illustrated  GST-14
      stack location  GST-83, GST-84
      switching to  GST-49
      Text Tool Set  GST-70
   Apple Desktop Bus microcontroller  GSF-186
   APW Assembler  GST-101-102
   clock speed  GST-14-15, GST-74-80
   compared with 68000  GST-61
   disassembler  GST-50
   execution speeds  GSF-9
   extended memory  addressing  GST-49
   features  GST-13
   flags e, m, x  GST-83
   indexed instructions  GSF-17
   macro assembler  GST-8
   memory map  GST-15
   mini-assembler  GST-50
   modes  GSF-9
   native mode  GST-13-14, GSH-198, GSH-201  See also native mode
   registers  GST-14
   specifications  GST-3
68000 microprocessor  GST-5, GST-61
6805 AppleMouse microprocessor card  GSF-213
74LS245  IIe #2
8-bit Apple II
   clock speed of programs written  for  GST-15
   operating system  GST-95
   program environments  GST-89-90, GST-113
   program modification  GST-97
   See also Apple II family  
   See standard Apple
8-bit mode.  See emulation mode
8-bit programs
   bank register values  GST-83
   direct page location  GST-84
   stack location  GST-84
80-column card  P16-34
   Miscellaneous #1, #10, ProDOS #11, #15
80-column display  CTR-38,CTR-64,CTR-68,CTR-86,CTR-91,CTR-92,CTR-100,CTR-106,CTR-358
   640 graphics mode  GST-23
   addressing  CTR-263
   card position  GST-28
   Control Panel  GST-46
   dot patterns  CTR-269
   internal I/O routine  GST-51-52
   map  CTR-108
   on RGB monitor  GST-20
   switching to  CTR-5
80-column firmware  ETR-xxi, ETR-49-50, IIe #8, GS/OS #2
   activating  ETR-50
   control characters with  ETR-272-275
80-column screen dump  Miscellaneous #1
80-column text  ETR-21, ETR-22
80-Column Text Card  ETR-86, ETR-134, ETR-150, ETR-267-275
80-column text display  GSH-37, GSH-58, GSH-59, GSH-67, GSH-71, GSH-75-76, PI-6, PI-260
   slot for  PI-8
80-column text
   differences in Apple II family  ETR-228
   display pages  ETR-27-28
   generation  ETR-178-179
   map  ETR-34
   signals  ETR-197-198
   with Applesoft  ETR-xxi
   with Pascal  ETR-xxi
   with TV set  ETR-16
80/40 switch  CTR-3,CTR-5
800K disks  UniDisk 3.5 #4
80COL  IIc #2, IIe #8
80COL soft switch  ETR-29
80Col switch  CTR-101,CTR-102,CTR-243
80STORE  IIe #3
80STORE soft switch  ETR-29, ETR-32, ETR-87, ETR-89, ETR-90, ETR-198, CTR-39,CTR-45,CTR-101,CTR-102,CTR-106,CTR-241
9-pin connectors  ETR-8, ETR-40
A
A register  CTR-18,CTR-43,CTR-84,CTR-113-115,CTR-192,CTR-213, ETR-146, GSF-18, GSF-35, GSTR-2-5, GSTR-2-7
   changing  GSF-60
   system interrupt handler  GSF-181
   See accumulator
A/D Converter register  GSH-103
A1  ETR-92
A2  ETR-92
A4  ETR-92
ABORT  GSF-179, GSTR-3-20, GSTR-3-28
Abort command  GSF-188
abortMgr  GSTR-14-67
ABORTMGRV  GSF-265
"About HodgePodge" dialog box  PI-39
"About..." dialog boxes  PI-31, PI-142-144
absClamps  GSTR-14-66
AbsOff  GSTR-3-13
absolute addresses, disassembler  GST-50
absolute clamp  GSTR-7-27, GSTR-14-21, GSTR-14-37, GSTR-14-38
absolute code  P16-188, PI-24, PI-196, PI-226-227, PI-295
   vs. relocatable code  PI-24, PI-227
absolute device  GSTR-3-13, GSTR-3-15, GSTR-3-16, GSTR-3-23, GSTR-14-5, GSTR-14-37, GSTR-14-38
Absolute flag  GSTR-3-4
absolute segment.  See segment(s)
AbsOn  GSTR-3-13
access attribute  P16-14, P16-21, P16-258, P16-260, P16-264, P16-277
   backup bit  P16-134, P16-277
   write-enable bit  P16-137
access byte  PI-215
accessing files  PI-162-165
accessing.  See device(s); disks
accumulator  CTR-18,CTR-64,CTR-69,CTR-84,CTR-90,115, ETR-138, ETR-148, GSF-35, GSH-200, P16-77-78, P16-104, P16-209, P16-213, PI-4, PI-66, PI-294
   65816 registers  GST-14
   input routines  GST-53
   Monitor firmware routines  GST-54
   size of  GST-89
accumulator mode  GSF-62
ACIA (Asynchronous  Communications Interface  Adapter)  GST-39, ETR-286
   block diagram  CTR-276
   command register  CTR-280
   control register  CTR-278-279
   register locations for port-1  CTR-159
   register locations for port-2  CTR-173
   status register  CTR-130,CTR-281
   transmit/receive register  CTR-282
   See asynchronous communications interface adapter  
aciabuf  IIc #6
acoustic coupler  CTR-177
action code
   MessageCenter  GSTR-24-15
   new desk accessory  GSTR-5-7
action procedure  GSTR-4-83-84
   dialog scroll bar  GSTR-6-15
action routine  (NDA) PI-265
activate event  GSTR-7-4, GSTR-7-5, GSTR-7-14, GSTR-10-11, GSTR-10-16, GSTR-10-20, GSTR-25-24, GSTR-25-78, GSTR-25-92, PI-68, PI-69, PI-72, PI-73
activateEvt  GSTR-7-7, GSTR-7-50, GSTR-25-120, PI-69
activating  PI-73
activator  GSH-139
active control  GSTR-4-7
active controls  PI-128, PI-129
active window  GSTR-25-8, GSTR-25-11, GSTR-25-24, GSTR-25-50, GSTR-25-92
active windows  PI-114-116
activeFlag  GSTR-7-9, GSTR-7-10, GSTR-7-51
activeMask  GSTR-7-11, GSTR-7-50
ADB Change Address When Activated handler  GSTR-3-4
ADB commands  GSTR-3-1, GSTR-3-2, GSTR-3-14, GSTR-3-27
ADB microcontroller. See Apple DeskTop Bus microcontroller  
ADBBootInit  GSTR-3-10
adbBusy  GSTR-3-14, GSTR-3-26, GSTR-3-27, GSTR-3-29, GSTR-B-4
adbDataInt  GSTR-14-24, GSTR-14-66
adbDisable  GSTR-14-26, GSTR-14-67
adbEnable  GSTR-14-26, GSTR-14-67
adbRBIHnd  GSTR-14-68
ADBReset  GSTR-3-5, GSTR-3-12
ADBShutDown  GSTR-3-5, GSTR-3-11
adbSRQHnd  GSTR-14-68
ADBStartUp  GSTR-3-5, GSTR-3-10
ADBStatus  GSTR-3-12
ADBVersion  GSTR-3-11
ADC (analog-to-digital converter)  GST-25
AddFamily  GSTR-8-19, GSTR-8-23, GSTR-8-25, GSTR-8-26
AddFontVar  GSTR-8-1, GSTR-8-15, GSTR-8-19, GSTR-8-23, GSTR-8-24-25
addition  GSF-32-bit
addMessage  GSTR-24-15, GSTR-24-26
AddPt  GSTR-16-68
address : opcode operands  GST-50
address bus  ETR-161-162
   and expansion cards  GST-28
   Apple II slots  GST-30
   on expansion slot  GST-29
   specifications  GST-3
address field, mini-assembler  GST-50
Address Pointer registers  GSH-98, GSH-100, GSH-101
address transformation  ETR-177
address wrapping  GSH-27
addresses
   Applesoft BASIC interpreter  CTR-326
   display  CTR-259-261
   firmware  CTR-322-327
   hardware  CTR-316-321,CTR-353-356
   I/O link  CTR-56-58
   memory  CTR-20
   mouse port  CTR-325
   port  CTR-323-325
   RAM  CTR-22,CTR-351
   ROM  CTR-22-23,CTR-250,CTR-351-352
   serial port  CTR-323-324
   video display  CTR-101
   video firmware  CTR-324
   See memory; direct page and stack
addressing
   display pages  ETR-31-37, ETR-174-179
   I/O locations  ETR-138-139
   indirect  ETR-77
   RAM  ETR-139, ETR-169-171
   relative  ETR-121, ETR-126, ETR-137
   ROM  ETR-168-169
addressing modes  CTR-26,CTR-226, GSH-197
   24-bit  GST-13-14
   disassembler and mini- assembler  GST-50
   extended memory addressing  GST-49
   65C02  CTR-302,CTR-304
AddToMenu  PI-55, PI-59, PI-120, PI-154, PI-305, PI-306
AdjWind  PI-57, PI-59, PI-155
ADV.DISK.UTIL  GS/OS #1
ADVANCE  GSF-240
advanced linker  (APW) PI-223, PI-235, PI-236
Alert  GSTR-6-19-22, GSTR-6-31-34, IIGS #48
alert box  GSTR-6-6, PI-135
   default button  PI-135
   template for creating  PI-140
alert mechanism  GSTR-6-1
alert sound  GSTR-6-6, GSTR-6-21-22, GSTR-6-47
alert stage  GSTR-6-20-21, GSTR-6-33, GSTR-6-49, GSTR-6-76
alert template  GSTR-6-11, GSTR-6-19-20, GSTR-6-31, GSTR-6-32
alert window  GSTR-6-7, GSTR-25-6
   color table  GSTR-25-17
alert windows  PI-110, PI-111, PI-116, PI-136
alertDrawn  GSTR-6-89
alerts  GST-67,  PI-135-136
   Caution Alert  PI-135
   Note Alert  PI-135
   programming techniques  PI-141
   sound in  PI-135
   Stop Alert  PI-135
AlertWindow  IIGS #48
ALIGN segment header field  P16-186, P16-299.See also headers; segment(s)
alignment factor  P16-299.See also segment(s)
ALLOC INTERRUPT  PI-272
allocateErr  GSTR-25-83, GSTR-25-144, GSTR-B-4
allocation of memory  GSTR-12-1, GSTR-12-35
allocation of private memory  GSTR-12-10-11, GSTR-12-14
ALLOC_INTERRUPT call  P16-48, P16-80, P16-94, P16-288
   description of  P16-175-176
alreadyInitialized  GSTR-16-64, GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
ALTCHAR soft switch  ETR-29, CTR-102,CTR-243,CTR-360
alternate character set  CTR-69,CTR-70,CTR-88,CTR-92,CTR-360, ETR-19-20, ETR-228
   Mouse #6
   on original IIe  ETR-20
Alternate Display Mode  GST-47, GST-68, GSTR-5-3, PI-157
alternate-display-mode desk accessory  GSTR-5-24
alternative pointing device  GSTR-7-21-25, GSTR-7-27, GSTR-7-34, GSTR-14-5
ALTZP soft switch  ETR-84, ETR-89-90, CTR-28,CTR-242
AMPERV  GSF-259
AN3  IIe #3
analog I/O impedance  IIGS #9
analog inputs  CTR-200, ETR-42-43, GST-41
   (PDL0 through PDL3)  GSH-157-158
analog RGB  See RGB video
analog-to-digital converter  (ADC)  GST-25
animation  ETR-231
   Lo-Res graphics  GST-47
annunciator memory locations  GSH-267
annunciator outputs (AN0 through AN3)  GSH-157
annunciators  ETR-40-41, ETR-43
any-key-down (AKD)  CTR-78,CTR-243,CTR-255
any-key-down flag  ETR-13
anyFamBit  GSTR-8-11, GSTR-8-50
anySizeBit  GSTR-8-11, GSTR-8-50
anyStyleBit  GSTR-8-11, GSTR-8-50
APDA (Apple Programmer's and Developer's Association)  PI-xix, PI-35, PI-224, PI-278, GSTR-xxvii
apFamBit  GSTR-8-9, GSTR-8-12, GSTR-8-50
apostrophe (')  GSF-40, GSF-64
app1Evt  GSTR-7-7, GSTR-7-50
app1Mask  GSTR-7-11, GSTR-7-50
app2Evt  GSTR-7-7, GSTR-7-50
app2Mask  GSTR-7-11, GSTR-7-50
app3Evt  GSTR-7-7, GSTR-7-50
app3Mask  GSTR-7-11, GSTR-7-50
app4Evt  GSTR-7-7, GSTR-7-50
app4Mask  GSTR-7-11, GSTR-7-50
appl ication windows  PI-111
Apple /// emulation  Miscellaneous #2
Apple 3.5 disk drive  GSF-117, GSF-133, GSF-135
   SmartPort calls  GSF-138-141
Apple 3.5 Drive  UniDisk 3.5 #5, GST-39-40
Apple Certified Developer  PI-278-279
Apple computers  P16-xx, P16-4.See also specific computer
Apple Desktop Bus  GSH-3, GSH-6, GSH-43, GSH-116-117, GSH-156, GSH-236, GSTR-3-1, GSTR-7-24, PI-2, PI-8, PI-21, PI-174
   See DeskTop  Bus
   connector  GSF-8
   input devices  GSF-10
   microcontroller  GSF-6, GSF-183, GSF-185-196
   microcontroller, commands  GSF-188-195
   microcontroller, status byte  GSF-196
Apple Desktop Bus Tool Set  GSTR-1-4, GSTR-1-5, GSTR-3-1-29, GSTR-7-24, PI-21, PI-174
   constants  GSTR-3-28-29
   data structures  GSTR-3-29
   error codes  GSTR-3-29
   shutdown routine  GSTR-3-11
   startup routine  GSTR-3-10
   status routine  GSTR-3-12
   using  GSTR-3-5-7
   version number routine  GSTR-3-11
   addresses  GSH-130, GSH-137-138
   broadcast signals  GSH-131-132
   collision detection  GSH-138-139
   Command/Data register  GSH-122-123
   commands  GSH-129-131, GSH-133
   commands  GSTR-3-2
   device handlers  GSH-136-137
   device registers  GSH-133-136
   error conditions  GSH-133
   General Logic Unit  GSH-121-127
   Keyboard Data register  GSH-123
   microcontroller  GSH-121
   Modifier Key register  GSH-123-124
   Mouse Data register  GSH-125
   moving addresses  GSH-137
   peripheral devices  GSH-133-139
   polling  GSTR-3-3
   service request  GSH-139
   Status register  GSH-126-127
Apple Desktop Interface  P16-90-91
Apple II  PI-13, PI-21
   See also Apple II, standard
Apple II compatibility with Apple IIe  ETR-48-50
Apple II computers, interrupts  CTR-332
Apple II family differences  ETR-227-232
Apple II family
   animated display  GST-47
   Apple IIGS compatibility  GST-4-5
   architecture  GST-74-76
   binary load files  GST-8
   defined  GST-xiii-xiv
   disassembler  GST-50
   disk storage  GST-40
   display memory  GST-86, GST-88
   display pages  GST-16
   graphic display features  GST-20-21
   graphics specifications  GST-3
   I/O expansion slots  GST-28
   memory, main and  auxiliary  GST-16-17
   Monitor I/O firmware  GST-51
   Monitor programs  GST-47-48
   programs  GST-13, GST-76, GST-96-97
   See also 8-bit Apple II  
   serial ports  GST-33-37
   slot memory  GST-29-33
   sound output  GST-24
   UCSD Pascal  GST-17
   video modes  GST-19
Apple II operating systems  P16-281-288.See also operating system(s) or specific operating system
Apple II Plus  PI-xxi, PI-8, PI-9, PI-290, xiii, GST-16-17, GST-28
Apple II SCSI Interface Card  SmartPort #5
Apple II series differences  CTR-348-365
Apple II series disk I/O  CTR-361
Apple II series hardware  CTR-365
Apple II series I/O  CTR-357
Apple II series keyboard  CTR-357-359
Apple II series machine identification  CTR-350
Apple II series memory structure  CTR-351-356
Apple II series video display  CTR-359-360
Apple II
   defined  PI-xxi
   definition of  P16-xx
   operating systems  P16-281-288
   standard  P16-182
   standard, definition of  P16-xx
   standard, software for  P16-34
   zero page  P16-75, P16-88
Apple IIc  GSF-11, GSH-2, GST-xiii, P16-34
   block diagram  CTR-235-236
   interrupt differences  ETR-156
   schematic diagrams  CTR-291-296
   Apple IIGS compatibility  GST-4-5
   graphic display features  GST-20-21
   interrupt support  GST-54
   memory, main and  auxiliary  GST-16-17
   Monitor I/O firmware  GST-51
   mouse support  GST-42-43
   no expansion slots  GST-28
   ports  GST-74
   program compatibility  GST-39, GST-96-97
   Protocol Converter software  GST-40
   serial ports  GST-33-37
   serial-port firmware  emulation  GST-33
   terminal emulation  GST-37
Apple IIe  GSH-2, GSH-119, GST-xiii, P16-34
   80-Column Text Card  ETR-86,134, ETR-267-275
   Extended 80-Column Text Card  ETR-86, ETR-134, ETR-267-275
Apple IIe Plus  GSF-222
Apple IIe
   128K RAM  GST-78
   Apple IIGS compatibility  GST-4-5
   Apple IIGS Upgrade keyboard support  GST-42, GST-43
   AppleMouse card  GST-42-43
   ASCII input mode  ETR-107
   COUT1 subroutine  ETR-56
   differences between original and enhanced  ETR-xix-xxiii
   game I/O connectors  GST-41
   interrupt support  ETR-132, ETR-148-149
   interrupt support  GST-54
   memory, main and  auxiliary  GST-16-17
   microprocessor  ETR-6
   Mini-Assembler  ETR-123-125
   mini-assembler  GST-50
   Monitor I/O firmware  GST-51
   Monitor Search command  ETR-110
   MouseText  ETR-12, ETR-20
   program compatibility  GST-96-97
   slot 3  ETR-144
    slots  GST-74
   tabbing in Applesoft  ETR-271-272
   using Caps Lock  ETR-49
Apple IIGS  See also ProDOS 8; ProDOS 16; programming techniques
Apple IIGS Debugger  PI-224, PI-248-253
Apple IIGS Disk II
   firmware  GSF-5
   I/O port characteristics  GSF-111
   SmartPort interactions  GSF-158
   support  GSF-109-112
Apple IIGS firmware  SmartPort #6
Apple IIGS font definition  GSTR-16-42-43
Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop  P16-xx, P16-xviii, P16-70, P16-89-90.See also programming, GST-8, PI-xviii, PI-26-27, PI-65, PI-205, PI-22~225, PI-296
   advanced linker  PI-223, PI-235, PI-236, PI-238
   Assembler  GST-8, GST-101-102, PI-xviii, PI-222
   C compiler  GST-102, PI-xviii, PI-222
   Debugger  GST-105
   Editor  GST-104, PI-222
   language considerations  PI-225
   Linker  GST-104, PI-222
   parameter-passing  PI-225
   program descriptions  PI-221-224
   program development  GST-103-105
   reference manual  GST-110
   Shell  GST-103-104, PI-199, PI-221-222, PI-259, PI-261
   standard linker  PI-223, PI-235, PI-238
   utilities  GST-105, PI-223
      Compact  PI-223
      Crunch  PI-223
      DumpOBJ  PI-223
      Equal  PI-224
      Files  PI-224
      Init  PI-224
      MacGen  PI-224
      MakeLib  PI-224, PI-238
      Search  PI-224
   File Type utility  P16-89
   Linker  P16-70, P16-89
   Shell  P16-82, P16-89, P16-208
Apple IIGS ProgrammerUs Workshop.  See APW
Apple IIGS Toolbox  P16-xix, P16-6, P16-9, PI-xviii, PI-17-22, PI-42, PI-62-106, PI-108-144, PI-146-183. See also tool sets or specific routine/tool set
   calls (typographic convention for)  PI-xxii, PI-36
   compared to Macintosh  PI-284-289
   constants  PI-38
   data structures  PI-38
   errors  PI-65, PI-66, PI-67
   macros  PI-65
   memory requirements  PI-5
   keyboard support  GST-42, GST-43
Apple IIGS Workshop C  GSTR-2-6
Apple IIGS
   40-column display  GSF-71
   80-column display  GSF-71
   Alternate Display Mode  GST-47, GST-68
   Apple II family  compatibility  GST-4-5
   architecture  GST-74-80
   boot/scan sequence  GSF-17
   built-in I/0  PI-8-9
   clock speeds  PI-4
   clock-calendar  PI-9
   compatibility with standard Apple II  PI-9-10, PI-291-292
   Control Panel  GST-46-47, PI-9
   default operating system  P16-13
   description of  P16-4
   DeskTop Bus  GST-41-43
   detached keyboard  GSF-10
   disassembler  GST-50
   disk port  GST-39-41, PI-8
   display features  GST-19-24
   execution modes  PI-4
   features  GST-2-4
   firmware  GSF-2-6, PI-xviii
   game I/O connectors  GST-41, PI-2, PI-8
   general  PI-xiii-xxii, PI-2-27
   hardware  PI-xvii
   I/O expansion slots  GSF-11, GST-28-33
   I/O ports  GSF-11
   interrupt support  GST-54-55
   interrupts  GSF-16
   keyboard  PI-2, PI-8
   large-scale ICs used  GST-12
   logical diagram of  P16-6
   Macintosh comparison  GST-5-6
   memory  GST-15-18, GST-77-78, P16-9, P16-32-40.See also memory, PI-2, PI-4, PI-5-6
   memory addresses  GSF-21
   memory space  GSF-9
   microprocessor  GSF-8-9, microprocessor  PI-2, PI-3-5
   mini-assembler  GST-50
   Monitor I/O firmware  GST-51-54
   Monitor program  GST-47, GST-49
   Monitor. See system Monitor  
   operating systems  GST-82
   program environments  summarized  GST-113
   program operation levels  GSF-4
   programming (general)  PI-xvii
   programming levels in  P16-5-7
   real-time clock  GST-26
   registers  PI-4
   resident desk accessories  GST-46
   serial I/O ports  GST-33, GST-37-39, PI-2, PI-8, PI-9
   slots  PI-2, PI-6, PI-8-9
   sound  PI-2, PI-8, PI-174
   sound capabilities  GST-24-25
   sound system  GSF-10
   startup  GSF-112
   Super Hi-Res display  GSF-9-10
   system disks  P16-52-55.See also system disks
technical manuals  GSF-216-221, GST-106-111
   Toolbox  GSF-2, GSF-218, GSF-310
   Toolbox compared with  Macintosh  GST-59-63
   video  PI-2, PI-6-7
   See also ProDOS 8; ProDOS 16; manuals or specific topic
Apple Ilc  xxi, PI-7, PI-8, PI-13, PI-290
Apple Ile  xxi, PI-7-9, PI-13, PI-174, PI-290
Apple Integer BASIC  CTR-308,CTR-330,CTR-348,CTR-356,CTR-388
Apple keys  ETR-11-14
   differences in Apple II family  ETR-228
Apple Language Card  CTR-351
Apple logo  GSTR-13-6, GSTR-13-15, GSTR-13-56
Apple Logo II  CTR-330
Apple Menu  GSTR-5-8, GSTR-5-15, GSTR-5-20, GSTR-13-4, GSTR-13-5, GSTR-13-15, PI-31, PI-47, PI-75, PI-147
Apple Programmer's and Developer's Association (APDA)  PI-xix, PI-35, PI-224, PI-278, GST-111, See APDA  
Apple standard detached  keyboard  GST-42
Apple Super Serial Card (SSC)  GSF-82
Apple User Interface Guidelines  GST-67
Apple-Left Arrow  GSTR-10-1, GSTR-10-29
Apple-period  GSTR-15-24
Apple-Right Arrow  GSTR-10-1, GSTR-10-29
AppleColor 100 monitor  GST-19
APPLEII  GSF-237
appleKey  GSTR-7-9, GSTR-7-51
AppleMouse  GST-42-43, Mouse #2
AppleShare  AppleTalk #1, #2, ProDOS #21
AppleSoft  IIe #3
Applesoft BASIC  CTR-169,CTR-308,CTR-329,CTR-388, ETR-xxi, ETR-12, ETR-105, ETR-235, GSF-2, GSF-43, GSF-74, GSF-87, GSF-112, GSF-178, GSH-2, GST-9, Miscellaneous #9, #11
Applesoft BASIC interpreter  CTR-14,CTR-23,CTR-36,CTR-51,CTR-52,CTR-59,CTR-63,CTR-204,CTR-214,CTR-250,CTR-352
   interpreter addresses  CTR-326
   mouse and  CTR-195-196
   80-column support  ETR-xxi
   accessing terminal mode  GST-37
   and lowercase  ETR-xxii
   and uppercase  ETR-48-49
   graphic display routines  GST-21
   I/O links  GST-52
   in Apple II family  GST-5
   interpreter  GST-46
   invoking the Monitor  GST-48
   PR# command  GST-38
   program compatibility  GST-39
    protocol address locations  GST-36
   ROM  GST-4
   tabbing with original Apple IIe  ETR-271-272
   use of page 3  ETR-78
   use of page zero  ETR-77, ETR-79-81
AppleTalk  GSF-3, GSF-8, GSF-15, GSF-17, GSF-82, GSF-98, GSF-173, GSH-43, GSH-150, GSH-173, GST-4, GST-33, GST-38, GSTR-15-5, PI-2, PI-8, PI-9, PI-167
AppleTalk Personal Network  P16-65
   interrupts  GSF-180
applEvt  PI-69
AppleWorks  GST-39, GST-68, Miscellaneous #4, #5
AppleWorks file formats  Miscellaneous #5
application event  GSTR-7-4
application prefix  PI-209
application programs
   65816 flags  GST-83
   Apple II program  compatibility  GST-96-97
   Apple IIGS Toolbox  GST-94
   buffering (I/O)  GST-38
   desk accessories  GST-67
   development  GST-100-105, GST-108
   enhancing existing programs  GST-97
   event-driven  GST-59, GST-62
   firmware access  GST-93-94
   incompatibility  GST-93
   interrupt support  GST-54-55
   low-numbered bank access  GST-78
   memory  GST-76, GST-78, GST-80
   Menu Manager  GST-66
   Monitor I/O routines  GST-47, GST-51
   mouse operation  GST-43
   program environments  summarized  GST-113
   program operation levels  GST-92-94
   Scrap Manager  GST-71
   screen-hole locations  GST-32
   serial-port compatibility  GST-39
   SmartPort calls  GST-41
   standard I/O links  GST-51-52
   system hardware control  GST-92-93
   System Loader  GST-96
   Window Manager  GST-66
Application Shutdown call (System Loader)  P16-77
application system disk  PI-300-301
application system disks.  See system disks
application window  GSTR-25-8, GSTR-25-66, GSTR-25-70, GSTR-25-122
application(s)  P16-58, P16-74-75
   Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop and  P16-89
   as controlling programs  P16-184, P16-208.See also controlling programs
   definition of  P16-74
   dormant  P16-185, P16-225, P16-233, P16-246.See also System Loader
   event-driven and segmented  P16-xix
   loading  P16-5, P16-71, P16-82-83, P16-89.See also System Loader
   memory and  P16-33, P16-39-40.See also memory
   prefixes.  See pathname prefixes
   programming requirements for  P16-74-75
   quitting  P16-59-65.See also PQUIT; QUIT call
   reloading  P16-71, P16-168
   restarting  P16-62, P16-71, P16-77, P16-168, P16-209-210, P16-233, P16-240, P16-245, See also Restart call; System Loader
   revising ProDOS 8 for ProDOS 16  P16-86-89
   shell  P16-208
   shutting down  P16-209-210
   starting  P16-62, P16-64, P16-58-65, P16-167, P16-222
   starting, machine configuration at launch  P16-64, P16-81
application-defined event  GSTR-7-14, PI-69, PI-73
applications  PI-256-259
   hybrid  PI-292-293
   programming techniques  PI-26, PI-228-229, PI-256-259
   restartable  PI-259
   self-booting  PI-257-258
apVarBit  GSTR-8-9, GSTR-8-10, GSTR-8-50
APW  GSTR-xGSTR-xvii, GSTR-2-5, IIGS #20, #31, See Apple IIGS  Programmer's  Workshop (APW)
APW assembler  IIGS #33
APW C  IIGS #31
APW MacGen utility  GSTR-2-5
arbitrary mode  GSTR-11-12
arc  GSTR-16-24, GSTR-16-88, GSTR-16-94, GSTR-16-101, GSTR-16-164, PI-87, PI-91
arc tangent  GSTR-9-13
architecture, Apple IIGS  GST-74-80
arcRot  GSTR-16-109, GSTR-16-212
arithmetic, hexadecimal  CTR-215, ETR-116
arrow cursor  GSTR-16-38, GSTR-16-160
arrow keys  CTR-4, ETR-61, ETR-63-64, GSF-72
ascent  GSTR-16-26, GSTR-16-45, GSTR-16-48, GSTR-16-62
ascent/ascent line  PI-93, GSTR-16-45
ASCII  GSF-25, GSF-26, GSF-29, GSF-51, GSF-67, GSF-86, GSF-123, GSF-152, GSH-59, GSH-74, GSH-123, GSH-251-255, GSTR-9-8, GSTR-9-9, GSTR-9-25, GSTR-9-26, GSTR-9-29, GSTR-9-30, GSTR-9-31, GSTR-9-33, GSTR-14-4, GSTR-14-16
ASCII character set  CTR-3,CTR-70,CTR-78,CTR-80-81,CTR-381-382,CTR-391-395, P16-292-293
   entry from  keyboard  GST-49
ASCII codes  CTR-58,CTR-78,CTR-80-81,CTR-89,CTR-164,CTR-368, ETR-14-16
ASCII input mode  CTR-209, ETR-106-107, GSF-30
   filters  GSF-31
   flip  GSF-30, GSF-64
   literal  GSF-30, GSF-64
AskUser  PI-59, PI-121, PI-163, PI-211, PI-306
ASMFORMAT.TEXT  Pascal #12
aspect ratios  GST-61
Assembler (APW)  P16-89, CTR-220, PI-xviii, PI-222
assemblers  ETR-121, GST-8, GST-100
   APW Assembler  GST-101-102
   calls to Toolbox  GST-63
   EdAsm  GST-62, GST-102
   for Apple II computers  GST-62
   macro libraries and  P16-xv
   mini-assembler  GST-50
   object files  GST-101
   programming suggestions  GST-62
   reference manual  GST-110
assembling  P16-89
assembly language  ETR-234, IIGS #33, P16-xv, P16-xviii, PI-xiv, PI-4, PI-65, PI-225, PI-234
   calling routines from  GSTR-2-5
   HodgePodge and  PI-65-66, PI-190, PI-202, PI-311-376
   labels, typographic convention for  P16-xxi
   mouse and  CTR-195-196
   mouse routines  GSF-202, GSF-211-213
   Pascal protocol  GSF-93-94
   programming examples  PI-190, PI-193, PI-239-246, PI-263, PI-265, PI-311-376
   programming techniques  PI-4, PI-283-284, PI-290
   typographic convention for  PI-xxii
assembly-language programs
   debugging  CTR-221
assigning load segments with  PI-236
asterisk (*)  CTR-59,CTR-204
asterisk (*) as prompt character  ETR-62
AsyncADBReceive  GSTR-3-3, GSTR-3-7-8, GSTR-3-14, GSTR-3-27, GSTR-7-24
Asynchronous Communications  Interface Adapter (ACIA)  GST-39, CTR-130, GSH-151, GSH-171
asynchronous key event  GSTR-7-15-18
at sign (@)  CTR-113, GSF-226
atAlertID  GSTR-6-20, GSTR-6-32, GSTR-6-89
aTalkIntHnd  GSTR-14-67
aTalkNodeNo  GSTR-14-66
atBoundsRect  GSTR-6-20, GSTR-6-32, GSTR-6-89
athens  GSTR-8-4, GSTR-8-51
atItemList  GSTR-6-89
ATLK ROM  AppleTalk #1, #2
atStage1  GSTR-6-20, GSTR-6-32, GSTR-6-89
atStage2  GSTR-6-20, GSTR-6-32, GSTR-6-89
atStage3  GSTR-6-20, GSTR-6-32, GSTR-6-89
atStage4  GSTR-6-20, GSTR-6-32, GSTR-6-89
att rAddr  PI-187
att rBank  PI-187
ATTACH.DATA  Pascal #16
ATTACH.DRIVERS  Pascal #16
Attention/Sync signal (ADB)  GSH-131
attrAddr  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-49
attrBank  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-49
attrErr  GSTR-12-42, GSTR-12-47, GSTR-B-2
attrFixed  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-49, PI-187
attrHandle  GSTR-12-47
attributes  word PI-188, word  GSTR-12-12, GSTR-12-32, GSTR-12-39
attrLocked  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-47, PI-187
attrNoCross  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-47, PI-187
attrNoPurge  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-47
attrNoSpec  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-47, PI-187
attrPage  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-47, PI-187
attrPurge  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-47, PI-187
attrPurge1  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-47
attrPurge2  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-47
attrPurge3  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-47
attrSystem  GSTR-12-47
AUD  CTR-256,CTR-365
audio amplifier  GST-25
audio output jack  CTR-8,CTR-256
auto-boot  UniDisk 3.5 #2
auto-key event  GSTR-6-39, GSTR-7-3, GSTR-7-13, PI-69, PI-71-72
autoKeyEvt  GSTR-7-7, GSTR-7-50, GSTR-25-120, PI-69
autoKeyMask  GSTR-7-11, GSTR-7-50
automatic carriage return, I/O  command  GST-35
automatic linefeed, I/O  command  GST-35
automatic repeat  CTR-3,CTR-358
Autostart ROM  CTR-356
autoTrack  GSTR-4-25, GSTR-4-36, GSTR-4-83, GSTR-4-86
auxFileType  GSTR-22-24, GSTR-22-32
auxiD  GSTR-12-10-11, GSTR-12-14, GSTR-12-15, GSTR-14-58, IIGS #17, See User ID
auxiliary firmware  ETR-86-93
auxiliary Hi-Res pages  GST-86
auxiliary memory  CTR-42-44,CTR-74,CTR-106,CTR-160-161,CTR-175,CTR-269, ETR-86-93, GSH-36-41, GSH-60, GST-16-17, IIe #3
   screen holes  CTR-315
   bank  GSH-14
   differences in Apple II family  ETR-229
   map  ETR-87
   moving data to  ETR-92
   select switches  GSH-258
   soft switches  ETR-89
   subroutines  ETR-91
auxiliary RAM  CTR-22,CTR-184, ETR-86-88
auxiliary slot  ETR-7, ETR-49
   differences in Apple II family  ETR-229
   signals  ETR-197-200
auxiliary type  IIGS #27, ProDOS #19, P16-279-280
auxiliary type field (ProDOS)  PI-217
auxiliary type file attributes  PI-217, PI-218
auxlD field  PI-192-194
AUXMOVE  GSF-260, IIe #3
AUXMOVE subroutine  ETR-91-92
auxtype  ProDOS #19
available font  GSTR-8-1, GSTR-8-25, GSTR-8-36
axisParam  GSTR-4-33-34, GSTR-4-88
B
B register  GSF-18, GSF-35
   native mode  GST-13
Back Arrow key  GSF-75
back panel  CTR-9-10
background  GSTR-16-52
background color  GSTR-16-26, GSTR-16-54, GSTR-16-57, GSTR-16-110, GSTR-16-213, GSTR-16-226
background colors  GSH-57, GSH-77, GST-3, GST-20, GST-46, PI-92
background pattern  GSTR-16-18, GSTR-16-111, GSTR-16-214, GSTR-16-251, PI-85
background pixel  GSTR-16-28, GSTR-16-30, GSTR-16-52
background pixels  PI-93
background printing  GSF-97-98, GST-33, GST-38, IIGS #16
background procedure  GSTR-15-24, GSTR-15-41, PI-173
BackGroundRgn  GSTR-25-42, GSTR-25-139
backslash (\)  CTR-59,CTR-63, GSF-75, GSTR-5-8, GSTR-13-14
backspace  CTR-63,CTR-114, GSTR-10-2, GSTR-10-29
Backspace key  GSF-70, GSF-75
backspacing  ETR-63
backup bit  P16-134, P16-277, PI-215
BADBLOCK  GSF-156, IIc #5
BadBlock $2D error  CTR-151
BADCMD  GSF-156
BadCmd $01 error  CTR-150
badColorNum  GSTR-16-115, GSTR-16-220, GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
BADCTL  GSF-156, SmartPort #7
BadCtl $21 error  CTR-150
BADCTLPARM  GSF-156, SmartPort #7
BadCtlParm $22 error  CTR-150
badDevNum  GSTR-23-15, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4, GSTR-23-15, GSTR-23-28, GSTR-23-33, GSTR-23-35, GSTR-23-38, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
badFile  GSTR-23-47
badFormat  GSTR-23-16, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
badInputErr  GSTR-14-19, GSTR-14-57, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-2
badItemType  GSTR-6-56, GSTR-6-57, GSTR-6-69, GSTR-6-84, GSTR-6-90, GSTR-B-5
badLaserPrep  GSTR-15-36, GSTR-15-42, GSTR-15-49, GSTR-B-5
badLPFile  GSTR-15-36, GSTR-15-42, GSTR-15-49, GSTR-B-5
badMode  GSTR-23-15, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
BADPCNT  GSF-156
BadPCnt $04 error  CTR-150
badRect  GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
badScanLine  GSTR-16-250, GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
badScrapType  GSTR-20-10, GSTR-20-12, GSTR-20-14, GSTR-20-19, GSTR-B-5
badTableNum  GSTR-16-115, GSTR-16-116, GSTR-16-220, GSTR-16-221, GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
badTitle  GSTR-23-15, GSTR-B-4
BADUNIT  GSF-156
BadUnit $11 error  CTR-150
bank $00  GSF-12, GSF-15, GSH-44, GST-16, GST-61
   8-bit programs  GST-83
   Alternate Display Mode  GST-47, GST-68
   and text display  GST-70
   direct page location  GST-83
   display memory  GST-86
   firmware entry points  GSF-224-257
bank $00
   I/O links  GST-52
   interrupts  GST-54
   language-card switches  GST-48
   memory map  GST-79
   memory shadowing  GST-29, GST-77-78
   page 3 routines  GSF-260-261
   page 3 vectors  GSF-259
   page Fx vectors  GSF-262-263
ba   running a program in  GSF-49, GSF-65
   stack location  GST-83
bank $01  GSH-44, GST-16, GST-61
   display memory  GST-86
   interrupts  GST-54
   language-card switches  GST-48
   memory map  GST-79
    memory shadowing  GST-29, GST-77-78
   Super Hi-Res display  GST-87
bank $02  GST-18, GST-79
bank $7F, memory map  GST-78
bank $E, vectors  GSF-264-265
bank $E0  GSF-308-310, GSH-41-43, GST-29, GST-47, GST-77-78, GST-86
bank $E1  GSF-308-310, GSH-41-43, GST-77-79, GST-86-87
bank $FE, system ROM  GST-78
bank $FF  GST-48, GST-54, GST-78
bank register values  GST-82, GST-83
bank selector switches  CTR-27-35
bank switches  ETR-83-85
   reading  ETR-86
bank switching  GSH-32, GST-17
   auxiliary memory  GSH-39
bank zero  PI-4, PI-6, PI-192, PI-203, PI-248, PI-267-270, PI-293-296
bank-boundry limited  PI-187
bank-switched memory  CTR-24-35, ETR-82-86, ETR-87, ETR-229, IIe #3
   map  ETR-82
   See memory
bank/address  GSF-21, GSF-22, GSF-26, GSF-29, GSF-32, GSF-64
Bank2 switch  CTR-241
banks, memory.  See memory banks
BANKSIZE segment header field  P16-186, P16-299.See also headers; segment(s)
barArrowBack  GSTR-4-22, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-7
barInactive  GSTR-4-22, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-7
barNorArrow  GSTR-4-22, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-7
barNorThumb  GSTR-4-22, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-7
barOutline  GSTR-4-22, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-7
barPageRgn  GSTR-4-22, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-7
barSelArrow  GSTR-4-22, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-7
barSelThumb  GSTR-4-22, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-7
BASCALC  GSF-239
base family  GSTR-8-7, GSTR-8-12, GSTR-8-13
base line  GSTR-10-7, GSTR-16-26, GSTR-16-45, PI-93
baseOnlyBit  GSTR-8-8, GSTR-8-50
BASIC  GSF-48, GSF-51, GSF-74, GSF-75, GSF-82, GSF-83, GSF-86, GSF-87, GSF-90, GSF-112
BASIC  Miscellaneous #9
BASIC command  CTR-228
BASIC device driver  GSTR-23-3
BASIC interpreter (BASIC.SYSTEM)  P16-25, P16-34
BASIC Monitor command  ETR-115
   Applesoft  See Applesoft BASIC
   command  GSF-43
   compiler for  GST-103
   Integer  See Integer BASIC
   interface  GSF-93
   mouse programs  GSF-206-208
   mouse routines  GSF-203
BASIC.SYSTEM  ProDOS #2, #6, #9, #17
BASICIN  GSF-70-73
BASICIN subroutine  ETR-58, ETR-220
BASICIN subroutine, address in I/O link  ETR-53
BASICINPUT  GSF-209
BASICOUT  GSF-70, GSF-73, GSF-76-78, GSF-80
BASICOUT subroutine  ETR-65, ETR-220
BASICOUT subroutine, address in I/O link  ETR-53
BASICOUTPUT  GSF-209
basicType  GSTR-23-46
batch mode  PI-13
Battery RAM  GSF-299, GSF-306, GSTR-14-4, GSTR-14-9, GSTR-14-10, GSTR-14-11, GSTR-14-13, GSTR-14-16
Battery RAM routines  PI-181
Battery RAM
   parameter reference numbers  GSTR-14-12
baud rate  GSF-88, GSH-152, GST-35, GST-46
baud rate for SSC  ETR-279
baud rate serial port 1  CTR-163
baud rate serial port 2  CTR-177-178
BD command  GSF-96, GSF-97, GSF-183
BeginUpdate  GSTR-4-54, GSTR-10-11, GSTR-10-46, GSTR-25-11, GSTR-25-20, GSTR-25-35, GSTR-25-47, GSTR-25-116, GSTR-25-119, PI-115, PI-118, PI-134
BEL character  ETR-53
bell  CTR-114
BELL  GSF-253
bell character  CTR-115
Bell routine  CTR-84
BELL subroutine  ETR-221
BELL1  GSF-239, GSTR-14-53
Bell1 routine  CTR-84
BELL1 subroutine  ETR-39, ETR-221
BELL1.2  GSF-239
BELL2  GSF-240
BELLVECTOR  GSF-270
bellVector  GSTR-14-68
bellVolume  GSTR-14-65
best-fit font algorithm  GSTR-8-6, GSTR-8-16-17, GSTR-8-44
Better Color option  GSTR-15-8
Better Text option  GSTR-15-8
bFileVers  GSTR-15-14, GSTR-15-15, GSTR-15-48
bgColor  GSTR-16-110, GSTR-16-213
binary file (ProDOS 8)  P16-12, P16-224, P16-283
binary files  GST-8, GST-95
BINITENTRY  GSF-209
bit cell (ADB)  GSH-127
bit definition  ETR-236
bit images  PI-286
bit map, volume.  See volume bit map
bit mapping of graphics  ETR-23-26
bit plane  GSTR-16-31
bit planes  PI-98
bit-mapped memory  GST-95
bits  CTR-384-386, GSH-244-245
bJDocLoop  GSTR-15-14, GSTR-15-15, GSTR-15-37, GSTR-15-48
black  GSTR-16-274
black and white drawing, QuickDraw II  PI-103
blanking intervals  CTR-257
blink interval  GSTR-10-26
blinking caret  GSTR-10-10, GSTR-10-26
blinking menu item  GSTR-13-76
block  GSTR-12-1.See also memory block
block device formatting  ProDOS #5
block device I/O firmware, entry points  CTR-23
block devices  P16-9, P16-14, P16-42-43, P16-84.See also device(s)
block I/O device support  GST-40
block
   fixed  GSTR-12-7
   locked movable  GSTR-12-7
   locking  GSTR-12-31
   purging  GSTR-12-8, GSTR-12-39, GSTR-12-40
   unlocking  GSTR-12-32, GSTR-12-33
block-storage device (/RAM5)  GST-40, GST-79
block-type devices  CTR-120
BlockMove  GSTR-12-21
blocks.  See call blocks; file blocks; file control block; memory blocks; parameter blocks; volume control blocks
blue  GSTR-16-274
blueMask  GSTR-16-274
boldMask  GSTR-16-276
BOOLEAN  GSTR-xxx
boot initialization.  See system startup
boot prefix  P16-65, P16-67, P16-167, PI-209
boot-failure screen  GSF-17
boot/scan sequence  GSF-17
booting  ETR-267-268, GST-40, GST-95
bootstrap errors.  See errors
BOOTTRACKS.DATA  Pascal #12
Border Color register  GSH-77, GSH-159
border colors  GSH-57, GSH-77-78, GST-3, GST-46
bottleneck procedure  IIGS #34
bottom scroll bar  GSTR-25-6, PI-110
bottomMost  GSTR-25-139
boundary rectangle  GSTR-16-13-17, GSTR-16-232, PI-80-84, PI-103
boundRect  GSTR-4-33-34, GSTR-4-88
boundsRect  GSTR-16-13, IIGS #34, PI-80
boxNor  GSTR-4-18, GSTR-4-87
boxReserved  GSTR-4-18, GSTR-4-87
boxSel  GSTR-4-18, GSTR-4-87
boxTitle  GSTR-4-18, GSTR-4-87
BREAK  GSF-233
Break (BRK)  GSF-36, GSF-183
break character, I/O command  GST-36
break instruction  GST-55
break instructions  ETR-155
BREAK signal  CTR-163
breakpoints, (debugging)  PI-250-251, GST-105
BREAKVECTOR  GSF-270, IIGS #1, GSTR-14-68
BringToFront  GSTR-25-36
BRK ($00) instructions  CTR-212,CTR-221,CTR-334, GSF-179
BRK ($00) instructions handling  CTR-337-338
BRK handler  ETR-155, IIGS #1
BRK instruction  ETR-155
BRK vector  ETR-148
BRKV  GSF-259
brkVar  GSTR-14-66
broadcast signals (ADB)  GSH-131-132
brown320  GSTR-16-274
BS  GSF-241
BS character  ETR-53
btn0State  GSTR-7-9, GSTR-7-10, GSTR-7-51
btn1State  GSTR-7-9, GSTR-7-10, GSTR-7-51
bttnIntrpt  GSTR-14-36, GSTR-14-67
bttnIntrptVI  GSTR-14-36, GSTR-14-67
bttnNorBack  GSTR-4-16, GSTR-4-87
bttnNorText  GSTR-4-16, GSTR-4-87
bttnOrMove  GSTR-14-36, GSTR-14-67
bttnOrMoveVI  GSTR-14-36, GSTR-14-67
bttnOutline  GSTR-4-16, GSTR-4-87
bttnSelBack  GSTR-4-16, GSTR-4-87
bttnSelText  GSTR-4-16, GSTR-4-87
BufDimRec  GSTR-16-206, GSTR-16-276
buffer management  ProDOS #9
Buffer Too Small)  ProDOS #21
buffer-sizing record  GSTR-16-205, GSTR-16-206-207
buffering  IIc #6, IIGS #13
Buffering Enable  GSF-83
buffering, I/O  GST-37-38
buffers display  CTR-38,CTR-99
buffers input  CTR-36,CTR-38
buffers serial I/O  CTR-343-345,CTR-362
buffers, display  P16-33
buffers, I/O  P16-14, P16-21-22, P16-24-25, P16-137.See also input/output
bufferSize  GSTR-21-17, GSTR-21-37
bug  IIe #8, IIGS #13, #32, #44, #45, ImageWriter #1, Miscellaneous #3, Mouse #4, SmartPort #6, UniDisk 3.5 #3
built-in CDA name  GSTR-5-16, GSTR-5-23
built-in I/0  PI-2, PI-8-9
built-in I/O ports  See disk port;  serial I/O ports
built-in interrupt handler  PI-267
built-in keyboard (Apple IIe)  GST-42, GST-43
built-in RAM  GST-80
built-in ROM  GST-80
bus contention  IIGS #32
bus residents  GSF-157
bus. See Apple Desktop Bus  
BUSERR  GSF-156
BusErr $06 error  CTR-150
busy error.  See errors
busy flag  GSTR-5-3, GSTR-19-1, GSTR-19-3, GSTR-A-1, P16-36, P16-96, PI-157, PI-182, PI-183
Busy word (Scheduler)  P16-71, P16-96
Busy word flag  GST-70
button  GSTR-4-3, GSTR-4-14, GSTR-7-14, GSTR-7-31, GSTR-7-47
button 1 status  GSF-204-205
button inputs, D-type connector  GST-41
button interrupt mode  CTR-188
button
   bold outline  GSTR-4-14, GSTR-4-85
   cancel  GSTR-6-4, GSTR-6-5, GSTR-6-18, GSTR-6-58
   default  GSTR-6-5, GSTR-6-11, GSTR-6-37
   disk  GSTR-22-24, GSTR-22-31
   mouse  GSTR-4-46
   OK  GSTR-6-4, GSTR-6-5, GSTR-6-18, GSTR-6-58
   radio  GSTR-4-4
buttonItem  GSTR-6-10, GSTR-6-88
buttons  PI-125, PI-128, PI-132-135
byte definition  ETR-237
byte(s)
   locating in files  P16-274-275
   size of  P16-33
bytes  CTR-384-386, GSH-244-245
C
C  IIGS #31
C command  CTR-156,CTR-170
C Compiler (APW)  P16-89, PI-xviii, PI-222
c flag  GSTR-2-5, GSTR-2-7, GSTR-B-1, PI-66
C language  GST-62, PI-xiv, PI-xviii, PI-65, PI-202, PI-225, PI-230, PI-234, PI-259
   Apple IIGS support  GST-8
   compiler  GST-102
   HodgePodge and  PI-377-412
   programming examples  PI-190, PI-377-4 PI-12
   reference manual  GST-110
   Toolbox tool call libraries  GST-63
   GSF-18, GSF-35
   GSTR-16-26, GSTR-16-41
   PI-92, PI-287
C, calling routines from  GSTR-2-6
C3COUT1  GSF-64, GSF-70, GSF-76-78, GST-53, GST-51, CTR-56,CTR-61,CTR-62,CTR-65-67,CTR-68,CTR-70
C3KeyIn  GST-51, GST-53, CTR-56,CTR-58,CTR-61,CTR-62
cachePriority  GS/OS #3
Caching  GS/OS #3
cairo  GSTR-8-4, GSTR-8-51
calcCRect  GSTR-4-25
CalcMenuSize  GSTR-13-13, GSTR-13-19, GSTR-13-33, GSTR-13-37, GSTR-13-41, GSTR-13-58, IIGS #43, PI-154, PI-155, PI-165
calcRect  GSTR-4-86
calculators  GST-67
calendars  GST-67
call blocks  P16-89, P16-100-101, P16-213
call macro  GST-63
Call statement  GSF-20
CALL -151 to invoke Monitor  GST-48, CTR-223
calling program (caller)  P16-100, P16-213
calling tool set routines
   assembly language  GSTR-2-5
   C  GSTR-2-6
calls.  See Exerciser; Memory Manager; parameter(s); ProDOS 8; registers; system calls; tool calls or specific call
CAN character  ETR-54
Canadian keyboard  CTR-375
cancel  GSTR-6-89
cancel button  GSTR-6-4, GSTR-6-5, GSTR-6-18, GSTR-6-21, GSTR-6-58, GSTR-8-14, PI-132, PI-133, PI-139
cancel line  CTR-63
cancelDefault  GSTR-6-89
canceling lines  ETR-63
cannotReset  GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
cantSync  GSTR-3-29, GSTR-B-4
capitalization  P16-18
Caps Lock  CTR-5,CTR-81,CTR-358,CTR-360, ETR-11, GSTR-7-9, GSTR-7-51, GSTR-7-9, GSTR-7-51
   for older software compatibility  ETR-49
card dimensions  IIGS #28
card driver  IIGS #36
cards  See peripheral cards; See 80-column card; language card
caret  GSTR-7-36, GSTR-10-8, GSTR-10-9, GSTR-10-11, GSTR-10-20, GSTR-10-34, GSTR-10-38, GSTR-10-46
caret (^)  CTR-225, ETR-122, ETR-125, GSF-53, GSF-55
caret, blinking  GSTR-10-10, GSTR-10-26
carriage return  GSF-59, GSF-75, GSF-83
carriage return (CR)  CTR-63,CTR-114,CTR-164,CTR-179
carriage return character  GSTR-10-40, GSTR-10-42
carriage returns with SSC  ETR-281
carry bit  CTR-43, See c flag
carry flag. See c flag  
cassette I/O  CTR-364, ETR-39-40, ETR-188
   commands  ETR-111-114
   soft switches  ETR-39
Catalog routine  ProDOS #17
cataloging disks  P16-xv, P16-26, P16-278-279
Caution alert  GSTR-6-6, PI-135, GSTR-6-24, GSTR-6-35
caution icon  GSTR-6-35
CDA header section  GSTR-5-18
CDA menu  GSTR-5-3, GSTR-5-12, GSTR-5-21
CDA name  GSTR-5-16, GSTR-5-23
CDA.  See classic desk accessory
central processing unit (CPU)  ETR-4-6
   See also ETR-65C02 microprocessor
Centronics  IIe #7
Certified Developer  PI-278-279
CH (cursor horizontal)  CTR-64, ETR-52
CH, changing memory contents  ETR-105-110
Change Address command  GSTR-3-4
change flag byte  GSTR-10-43
CHANGE PATH call  PI-214, P16-11-12, P16-21, P16-257, P16-260, P16-262, P16-286
   description of  P16-117-118
changeFlag  GSTR-7-9, GSTR-7-10, GSTR-7-51
channel-generator type word  GSTR-21-16
character  GSTR-16-26
character bounds rectangle  GSTR-16-28, GSTR-16-52, GSTR-16-69, GSTR-16-76, GSTR-16-269
character bounds width  GSTR-16-52
character code  ETR-12
character device driver  GSTR-1-4, GSTR-23-1, GSTR-23-3
character devices  P16-9, P16-43.See also device(s), PI-173
character echo-flag word  GSTR-23-29
character generator  CTR-14,CTR-263, GSH-241-243
   control signals  CTR-266
character generator ROM  ETR-178
character I/O  P16-6.See also input/output
character image  GSTR-16-26, PI-93
character image width  GSTR-16-44
character origin  GSTR-16-26-27, GSTR-16-45, PI-93
character output switch (CSW)  CTR-57,CTR-64,CTR-71,CTR-84,CTR-101,CTR-113,CTR-115, GST-52
character position  GSTR-10-7
character rectangle  GSTR-16-44
character sets  CTR-358-360, GSH-74-76
   alternate  CTR-69,CTR-70,CTR-88,CTR-92,CTR-360
   ASCII  CTR-3,CTR-70,CTR-78,CTR-80-81,CTR-381-382,CTR-391-395, GSH-59, GSH-74
   display  CTR-89, GSH-262
   MouseText  CTR-91
   primary  CTR-69,CTR-70,CTR-88,CTR-359
   screen  CTR-6
   text  CTR-88-89, ETR-19-20
character sets, text, differences among Apple II models  ETR-228
character width  GSTR-16-26-27, GSTR-16-44, GSTR-16-45, GSTR-16-51, GSTR-16-70, GSTR-16-77, GSTR-16-267, GSTR-16-270, PI-93
character, dead  GSTR-16-45
character, missing  GSTR-16-48-49
characters  PI-92, PI-93-94
characters at sign (@)  CTR-113
characters command  CTR-155,CTR-205
characters control  CTR-4,CTR-5,CTR-60,CTR-65-67,CTR-70,CTR-114,CTR-165,CTR-392
characters
   flashing  CTR-69,CTR-70,CTR-88-89
   inverse  CTR-69,CTR-70,CTR-88-89
   lowercase  CTR-395
   normal  CTR-69,CTR-70,CTR-88-89
   prompt  CTR-59
   special  CTR-393
   uppercase  CTR-394
CharBounds  GSTR-16-29, GSTR-16-56, GSTR-16-58, GSTR-16-69
CHARGEN signal  ETR-185
CharWidth  GSTR-16-29, GSTR-16-56, GSTR-16-58, GSTR-16-70
check box  GSTR-4-3, GSTR-4-10, GSTR-4-16
   control record  GSTR-4-16-18, PI-125, PI-128
checkBox  GSTR-4-86
CheckDiskError  PI-136, PI-140, PI-308-310
CheckFrontW  PI-50, PI-116
CheckHandle  GSTR-12-22
checkItem  GSTR-6-10, GSTR-6-88
CheckMItem  GSTR-13-6, GSTR-13-34
checkProc  GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-73, GSTR-4-85
CheckToolError  PI-46, PI-306-307
CheckUpdate  GSTR-25-37
chExtra  GSTR-16-30, GSTR-16-51, GSTR-16-55, GSTR-16-58, GSTR-16-59, GSTR-16-60, GSTR-16-112, GSTR-16-217
Choose Printer command (File menu)  PI-32, PI-166, PI-289
Choose Printer dialog box  GSTR-15-1, GSTR-15-4-5
ChooseCDA  GSTR-5-12
ChooseFont  GSTR-8-13, GSTR-8-14, GSTR-8-15, GSTR-8-26-27, GSTR-C-5, PI-97
Chooser  PI-167, PI-289
chunky pixel  GSTR-16-31
chunky pixel organiztion  PI-98
cINTERSEG records  P16-187, P16-298
circles  PI-90
circuit board  ETR-4-7
   connectors  ETR-7
clamp value  GSTR-2-2, GSTR-7-27, GSTR-14-30, GSTR-14-31
clamp
   absolute  GSTR-14-21
   absolute device  GSTR-14-37, GSTR-14-38
clamping  Mouse #7
CLAMPMOUSE  GSF-209, GSF-213
ClampMouse  GSTR-7-27, GSTR-14-30, Mouse #1, #3, CTR-194
Claris  Miscellaneous #4
classic desk accessories  GST-68, GST-89
classic desk accessory (CDA)  PI-156, PI-247, PI-262, PI-300, GSTR-5-1. See also desk accessories; new desk accessory
   supporting  PI-1 PI-57
   writing  PI-263
classic desk accessory
   programming examples  PI-263
Cleanup call (System Loader)  P16-227, P16-231, P16-245
   description of  P16-249-250
clear  GSTR-5-30
CLEAR BACKUP BIT  PI-215
Clear command  GSTR-6-43
Clear command (Edit menu)  PI-32
Clear Modes command  GSF-189
clear-strobe switch  ETR-12
clearAction  GSTR-5-7, GSTR-5-30
clearing screen  GST-54
clearModes  GSTR-3-20, GSTR-3-28
CLEARMOUSE  GSF-209, GSF-212
ClearMouse  GSTR-14-31, Mouse #3, CTR-193
ClearScreen  GSTR-16-71
ClearSRQTable  GSTR-3-15
CLEAR_BACKUP_BIT call  P16-12, P16-260, P16-264, P16-277
   description of  P16-134
CLEOLZ  GSF-79, CTR-112,CTR-113, ETR-50, ETR-69, ETR-219
clicking (mouse)  PI-14, PI-15, PI-48, PI-110
Clipboard  GST-71, GSTR-20-1, GSTR-20-5, GSTR-20-17, PI-32, PI-92, PI-159, PI-160, PI-161
clipping  PI-77, PI-81-82, PI-83, PI-105, PI-136
clipping region  GSTR-16-14-15, GSTR-16-17, GSTR-16-72, GSTR-16-113, GSTR-16-114, GSTR-16-187, GSTR-16-197, GSTR-16-208, GSTR-16-218, GSTR-17-10, PI-81, PI-82, PI-84
ClipRect  GSTR-6-7, GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-72
clipRgn  GSTR-16-15, GSTR-16-219, GSTR-25-23, GSTR-25-28, PI-82
clock  GSF-306
clock  See real-time clock
clock (microprocessor)  PI-9
clock (real-time)  PI-9
clock card  ProDOS #1, #11
clock chip interrupts  GSF-180, GST-55
clock driver routine  ProDOS #10
clock rate  CTR-237, ETR-161
clock routines  PI-181
clock signals  CTR-239-241, ETR-162
clock speed  GST-3, GST-14-15, GST-84-85, PI-4, PI-269, PI-271, PI-290
clock-calendar  PI-9
clockFormat  GSTR-14-65
clocks  GSH-3, GSH-138
clocks, real-time  GSH-3, GSH-54, GSH-77, GSH-159-160
clocks, signals  GSH-185
Close  GSTR-5-14
CLOSE  PI-210, PI-211, PI-213
close box  GSTR-25-6, GSTR-25-8, GSTR-25-49, PI-48, PI-110, PI-111, PI-114
CLOSE call  CTR-127,CTR-141-142, GSF-5, GSF-131-132, P16-21, P16-24-25, P16-151-152, P16-264, P16-277
   description of  P16-145
Close command (File menu)  PI-32
close routine (NDA)  PI-265
CloseAllNDAs  GSTR-5-12
CloseDialog  GSTR-6-23, GSTR-6-36, PI-134, PI-144
CloseNDA  GSTR-5-6, GSTR-5-13, PI-158
CloseNDAbyWinPtr  GSTR-5-6, GSTR-5-14, GSTR-25-122, PI-57, PI-158
ClosePicture  GSTR-17-5, GSTR-17-9
ClosePoly  GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-72
ClosePort  GSTR-16-39, GSTR-16-73, PI-97
CloseRgn  GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-74
CloseWindow  GSTR-4-9, GSTR-4-68, GSTR-11-11, GSTR-11-16, GSTR-25-11, GSTR-25-29, GSTR-25-38, GSTR-25-127, PI-57, PI-114
closing files  PI-210, See file(s)
CLREOL  GSF-79, GSF-243
ClrEOL routine  CTR-112,CTR-113
CLREOL subroutine  ETR-50, ETR-64, ETR-221
CLREOLZ  GSF-243
CLREOP  GSF-79, GSF-242
ClrEOP routine  CTR-112,CTR-113
CLREOP subroutine  ETR-50, ETR-64, ETR-221
ClrHeartBeat  GSTR-14-53
CLRSCR  GSF-79, GSF-226
ClrScr routine  CTR-112,CTR-113
CLRSCR subroutine  ETR-64, ETR-221
CLRTOP  GSF-79, GSF-227
ClrTop routine  CTR-112,CTR-113
CLRTOP subroutine  ETR-64, ETR-221
CLRVBLINT  IIGS #49
CmdNum  CTR-125
cmndIncomplete  GSTR-3-14, GSTR-3-17, GSTR-3-18, GSTR-3-19, GSTR-3-25, GSTR-3-26, GSTR-3-27, GSTR-3-29, GSTR-B-4
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide  Semiconductor) design  GST-13, CTR-237
co-resident applications  GST-64
Cobol  GST-103
code conversions  CTR-391
cold start  CTR-51,CTR-121-122, GSF-65, GSF-112, GSF-178, GSF-234
cold-start reset  ETR-95, GST-55, GST-97
Collision Detect handler  GSTR-3-4-5
collision detection (ADB)  GSH-138-139
colon (:)  CTR-216,CTR-224, GSF-28, GSF-29, GSF-40, GSF-51, GSF-52, GSF-64
colon (:) as Monitor command  ETR-105
color box  GSTR-15-8
color fringing  GSH-58
color graphics  GSF-10, GST-3, GST-21-24
color graphics with black-and-white monitors  ETR-16
color in text mode  GST-20
color palette  PI-7, PI-99-100, See palette
color printing  GSTR-15-8, GSTR-15-15-18
color subcarrier and expansion  slots  GST-28
color table  GSTR-11-10, GSTR-13-43, GSTR-16-31-33, GSTR-16-115, GSTR-16-116, GSTR-16-158, GSTR-16-220, GSTR-16-221
   alert window  GSTR-25-17
   document window  GSTR-25-17
   standard  GSTR-16-159
   window  GSTR-25-142
color tables  PI-7, PI-99-100
color tables (palettes)  GST-22, GST-65
color
   background  GSTR-16-26, GSTR-16-213
   foreground  GSTR-16-26, GSTR-16-228
   list  GSTR-11-10
   window frame  GSTR-25-18, GSTR-25-57, GSTR-25-99
    window information bar  GSTR-25-20
   window size box  GSTR-25-19
   window title  GSTR-25-18
   window title bar  GSTR-25-19
colorMItemHilite  GSTR-13-78, GSTR-13-87
colorReplace  GSTR-13-72, GSTR-13-87
colors  PI-98-103
colors, dithered  PI-101-103
colors, double high-resolution graphics  CTR-99
colors, double-high-resolution graphics  ETR-25-26, ETR-185
colors, high-resolution  CTR-97,CTR-268
colors, high-resolution graphics  ETR-23-25,183-184
colors, low-resolution  CTR-94,CTR-266
colors, low-resolution graphics  ETR-21-22,182
colors, QuickDraw  PI-98-103
colors, Super Hi-Res  PI-7, PI-98
colors, window frame  PI-111
colorTable  GSTR-16-275
column-address strobe (CAS)  CTR-252
comma tabbing with original Apple IIe  ETR-271
command character  CTR-155,CTR-205
command characters  GSF-87
command characters  GST-37
   communications mode  GSF-87
   Monitor  ETR-101
   printer mode  GSF-87
   terminal mode  GSF-91-92
command number  CTR-125,CTR-127
command numbers  GST-50
command packets, SmartPort  GSF-159, GSF-166-167
command register, ACIA  CTR-280
command strings  GSF-87
command-line interface  PI-13
Command/Data register  GSH-122-123
commands.  See specific command
comment  GSTR-17-15
communication ports  P16-9, P16-43
Communications Card  IIe #7
communications mode  GSF-83
   command character  GSF-87
   commands  GSF-91-92
communications programs  P16-83
Compact utility (APW)  PI-223
compaction  P16-38, PI-188
compaction of memory  GSTR-12-5, GSTR-12-6-7, GSTR-12-15, GSTR-12-22
CompactMem  GSTR-12-22
comparison routine  GSTR-11-24
compatibility  GSH-2, GSH-143, GSH-167
compatibility (Apple II)  PI-9-10
   software  P16-4, P16-10-11.See also ProDOS 8 and ProDOS 16
compiler  PI-xviii, PI-222, See C Compiler
compilers  GST-8, GST-100-103
compiling  P16-89
complementary decimal values  ETR-12
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) design  GST-13
complete system disk  PI-298-300
completion routine  GSTR-3-7-9, GSTR-3-25
   AsyncADBReceive  GSTR-3-8
   SRQ list  GSTR-3-9
composite (NTSC) video  GST-3, GST-19-21
composite video connector  GSH-6
conditional assembly  GST-102
Configuration register  GST-85
configuration, hardware, ProDOS 8 and ProDOS 16  P16-87
configuration, setting initial  P16-64, P16-81.See also programming
connector  ETR-8, ETR-186
connector specification  GSTR-xGSTR-xvi
connectors  CTR-9-10
connectors  GSH-5-6
   9-pin  ETR-8, ETR-40
   Apple Desktop Bus  GSH-3, GSH-6
   back panel  ETR-8
   cassette I/O  ETR-8, ETR-39
   composite video  GSH-6, GSH-66
   D-type  ETR-8, ETR-40
   disk drive  CTR-274, GSH-6
   disk-port  GSH-143-144
   external power  CTR-234
   game  GSH-6, GSH-155
   game I/O  ETR-7, ETR-13
   hand control  ETR-8, ETR-40-43
   hand controller  CTR-199-200,CTR-287
   keyboard  CTR-254
   mouse  CTR-187,CTR-284
   phone jacks  ETR-8, ETR-39
   power  ETR-160, GSH-193
   RCA-type jack  ETR-8
   RGB video  GSH-6, CTR-154,CTR-278, GSH-5
   video expansion  CTR-270
   video monitor  ETR-8, ETR-186
   video output  CTR-270
constants
   Apple Desktop Bus Tool Set  GSTR-3-28-29
   Control Manager  GSTR-4-85-86
   Desk Manager  GSTR-5-30
   Dialog Manager  GSTR-6-88-89
   event codes  PI-69
   Event Manager  GSTR-7-50-51
   Font Manager  GSTR-8-50-51
   Integer Math Tool Set  GSTR-9-42
   LineEdit Tool Set  GSTR-10-47
   List Manager  GSTR-11-25
   Memory Manager  GSTR-12-47
   memory-block attributes  PI-187
   Menu Manager  GSTR-13-87
   Miscellaneous Tool Set  GSTR-14-64-68
   Print Manager  GSTR-15-47
   QuickDraw II  GSTR-16-274-76
   Scrap Manager  GSTR-20-19
   Sound Tool Set  GSTR-21-36-37
   Standard File Operations Tool Set  GSTR-22-32
   task codes  PI-74
   Text Tool Set  GSTR-23-46
   Tool Locator  GSTR-24-26
   toolbox-defined  PI-38, PI-50
   Window Manager  GSTR-25-139-141
constructing menus  PI-149-152
conTable320  GSTR-16-107
conTable640  GSTR-16-107
content height, maximum  GSTR-25-87
content region  GSTR-4-8, GSTR-25-9, GSTR-25-12, GSTR-25-35, GSTR-25-51, GSTR-25-53, GSTR-25-60, GSTR-25-62, GSTR-25-64, GSTR-25-83, GSTR-25-87, GSTR-25-88, GSTR-25-92, GSTR-25-94, GSTR-25-96, GSTR-25-103, GSTR-25-105, GSTR-25-106, GSTR-25-131, GSTR-25-132, PI-112, PI-114, PI-129
content width, maximum  GSTR-25-87
CONTINUE BASIC command  CTR-228, GSF-43
Control  CTR-5,CTR-81,CTR-255,CTR-358, ETR-11, GSTR-1-3, GSTR-4-1
CONTROL  SmartPort #5, #6
control action procedure  PI-118
control blocks.  See file control blocks; volume control blocks
CONTROL call  CTR-127,CTR-136-139, GSF-129-130
control characters  CTR-4,CTR-5,CTR-60,CTR-65-67,CTR-70,CTR-114,CTR-165,CTR-392, ETR-244, ETR-248, GSF-73, GSF-76-78
   suppressing  GSF-90
   with 80-column firmware  273-274
   with BASICOUT  ETR-53-55
   with COUT1  ETR-53-55
   with Pascal I/O protocol  ETR-70-71
control code  GSTR-23-15
control definition procedure  GSTR-4-24, GSTR-4-46, GSTR-4-73, GSTR-11-1, GSTR-11-11, PI-130
control flag  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-72
   check box  GSTR-4-18
   radio button  GSTR-4-14
   scroll bar  GSTR-4-22
   simple button  GSTR-4-16
   size box  GSTR-4-20
control list  CTR-137,CTR-138, GSTR-25-68
Control Manager  GST-59, GST-66-67, GSTR-1-3, GSTR-1-5, GSTR-4-1-88, GSTR-6-28, GSTR-25-9, PI-20, PI-64, PI-71, PI-117, PI-124-131, PI-158, PI-264, PI-288
Control Manager  IIGS #4, #38
   constants  GSTR-4-85-86
   data structures  GSTR-4-87-88
   error codes  GSTR-4-88
   icon font  GSTR-4-11
   part codes  GSTR-4-8
   shutdown routine  GSTR-4-43
   startup routine  GSTR-4-42
   status routine  GSTR-4-44
   using  GSTR-4-9-10
   version number routine  GSTR-4-43
control manipulation (HodgePodge)  PI-130
Control Panel  GSF-3, GSF-40, GSF-75, GSF-82, GSF-83, GSF-86, GSF-90, GSF-93, GSF-97, GSF-110, GSF-112, GSF-117, GSF-130, GSF-299-307, GSH-3, GST-3, GST-46-47, GSTR-3-1, GSTR-5-3, GSTR-5-22, GSTR-6-21, GSTR-7-3, GSTR-7-36, GSTR-7-37, GSTR-10-26, GSTR-13-76, PI-9, PI-157, PI-174
Control Panel settings  P16-46
Control Panel
   ADB Tool Set  GST-70
   Alternate Display Mode  GST-47, GST-68
   AppleTalk  GST-38
   boot device location  GST-40
   changing clock speed  GST-77, GST-85, GST-97
   desk accessories  GST-68
   I/O buffering  GST-38
   I/O slot assignments  GST-97
   monochrome monitors  GST-19
   serial-port configuration  GST-34
   sound volume  GST-24
   time and date setting  GST-26
control record  GSTR-4-11-24
   check box  GSTR-4-16-18
   radio button  GSTR-4-18-20
   scroll bar  GSTR-4-20-22
   simple button  GSTR-4-14-16
   size box  GSTR-4-23-24
control register  CTR-ACIA,CTR-278-279, GSH-159, GST-85
control signals and expansion  slots  GST-28
control
   active  GSTR-4-7
   custom  GSTR-4-24
   defining  GSTR-4-24-40
   highlighted  GSTR-4-7
   inactive  GSTR-4-7
   standard  GSTR-4-3-4
   window  GSTR-4-8, GSTR-25-6-7
Control-A  CTR-169,CTR-171,CTR-172,CTR-179,CTR-362, GSF-87
Control-A I  CTR-181,CTR-184
Control-A Q  CTR-184
Control-A T  CTR-180-182,CTR-184
Control-Apple-Escape  PI-73
Control-B  CTR-214,CTR-228, GSF-43, GSF-65
Control-B Monitor command  ETR-115
Control-C  CTR-67,CTR-204,CTR-214,CTR-228,CTR-341, GSF-43, GSF-65
Control-C Monitor command  ETR-115
Control-D  CTR-155,CTR-169
Control-E  CTR-213,CTR-228, GSF-60, GSF-77
Control-E Monitor command  ETR-111
Control-F  GSF-77, GSTR-10-2, GSTR-10-29
Control-G  CTR-65,CTR-66,CTR-84, GSF-77
Control-H  CTR-63,CTR-65,CTR-66, GSF-77
Control-I  CTR-155,CTR-158,CTR-165,CTR-362, GSF-87
Control-J  CTR-65,CTR-66, GSF-77
Control-K  CTR-57,CTR-66,CTR-228, GSF-64, GSF-77, GST-52
Control-K Monitor command  ETR-115
Control-L  CTR-66, GSF-77
Control-M  CTR-65,CTR-66,CTR-118, GSF-77
Control-N  CTR-66, GSF-77
Control-O  CTR-66,CTR-90, GSF-77
Control-P  CTR-57,CTR-90,CTR-215,CTR-228, GSF-40, GSF-64, GST-52
Control-P Monitor command  ETR-115
Control-Q  CTR-66, GSF-77
Control-R  CTR-66,CTR-172,CTR-181,CTR-184, GSF-66, GSF-77
control-related events
   programming techniques  PI-129
Control-Reset  CTR-4,CTR-49,CTR-51,CTR-52,CTR-81,CTR-121,CTR-123,CTR-162,CTR-171,CTR-176,CTR-204,CTR-218, GSF-43, GSF-46, GSF-112, GST-36, GST-48, P16-25
Control-S  CTR-66,CTR-67,CTR-341, GSF-77
Control-T  CTR-171, GSF-64
Control-U  CTR-63,CTR-66,CTR-82, ETR-50, GSF-77
Control-V  CTR-66,CTR-158,CTR-172, GSF-77
Control-W  CTR-66,CTR-158, GSF-77, GSF-87
Control-X  CTR-60,CTR-63,CTR-67,CTR-82, ETR-63, GSF-58, GSF-75, GSF-77, GSF-247, GSTR-10-2, GSTR-10-29
Control-Y  CTR-67,CTR-218,CTR-228, GSF-47, GSF-65, GSF-77, GSTR-10-2, GSTR-10-29
Control-Y Monitor command  ETR-119
Control-Z  CTR-67
Control-[  CTR-67, GSF-77
Control-\  CTR-67, GSF-77
Control-]  CTR-67, GSF-77
Control-^  GSF-64, GSF-77
Control-_  CTR-67, GSF-77
controlKey  GSTR-7-9, GSTR-7-51
controlling programs  P16-71, P16-82,184, P16-204, P16-207-210, P16-213, P16-222, P16-224-225, P16-240, P16-244, P16-249.See also application(s); System Loader, PI-197, PI-199, PI-259-260
   designing  P16-207-209
controlling user access to files  PI-218
controls  PI-20, PI-116, PI-117, PI-124-131
    active  PI-128, PI-129
   custom  PI-130
   events and  PI-129-130
   frame  PI-129
   highlighting  PI-128
   inactive  PI-128
   invisible  PI-128
   types of  PI-124-125
   value  PI-125, PI-128, PI-130
   windows and  PI-129
conventions
   boldface  GSTR-xxGSTR-xi
   Courier  GSTR-xxGSTR-xi
   italic  GSTR-xxGSTR-xi
converting programs.  See ProDOS 8 and ProDOS 16
coordinate plane  GSTR-16-9-14, PI-76, PI-77-79, PI-80
   locations on  PI-78
   size of  PI-77
coordinates
   global  PI-70, PI-77,82-84
   local  PI-77, PI-82-84, PI-103, PI-105, PI-117-118
COP  GSF-36, GSF-179
copies  GSTR-15-8
copMgr  GSTR-14-67
COPMGRV  GSF-265
copy  GSTR-5-30
Copy command  GSTR-6-41, GSTR-20-1, GSTR-20-6
Copy command (Edit menu)  PI-32, PI-141, PI-159, PI-160
COPY mode  PI-87
copy protection  UniDisk 3.5 #1
copy-protection engineer (CPE) tools  GSF-144-145
copyAction  GSTR-5-7, GSTR-5-30
copying, files  P16-84-85
copying, sparse files  P16-30, P16-86
CopyPixels  GSTR-17-5, GSTR-17-10, PI-103
CopyRgn  GSTR-16-75
COPYRIGHT  GSF-209
cosine  GSTR-9-20
count word  GSTR-14-49
CountFamilies  GSTR-8-28
CountFonts  GSTR-8-15, GSTR-8-29-30
CountMItems  GSTR-13-13, GSTR-13-35
Courier  GSTR-xxGSTR-xi, GSTR-8-4, GSTR-8-51
COUT  GSF-70, GSF-71, GSF-75, GSF-76, GSF-79, GSF-249, IIc #2, IIe #8, Miscellaneous #1, Mouse #6
COut routine  CTR-63,CTR-64,CTR-90,CTR-112,CTR-113,CTR-214, GST-53
COUT subroutine  ETR-50-52, ETR-64, ETR-221, GSF-39
   deactivating 80-column firmware  ETR-50
COUT1  GSF-64, GSF-70, GSF-74, GSF-76-80, GSF-249, GST-32, GST-51, GST-53, ProDOS #4
COut1 routine  CTR-56,CTR-60,CTR-65,CTR-67,CTR-68,CTR-70,CTR-112,CTR-114
COUT1 subroutine  ETR-51-53, ETR-64, ETR-136,222
   address in I/O link  ETR-51
   on original Apple IIe  ETR-56
COUTZ  GSF-249
cover  ETR-2
CP/M  CTR-328, ETR-234
   starting up with  ETR-268
CPE (copy-protection engineer) tools  GSF-144-145
CPU  CTR-13, ETR-4-6
CPU  See 65816 microprocessor, See also 65C02 microprocessor  
CR  CTR-See carriage return, GSF-242
CR character  ETR-53
CREATE  PI-210, PI-213, UniDisk 3.5 #3, P16-21, P16-85, P16-103, P16-277, P16-287
   description of  P16-111-114
CreateControl  GSTR-11-10
CreateList  GSTR-11-5, GSTR-11-11, GSTR-11-16, GSTR-11-23
creating files.  See file(s)
creation date and time  P16-14, P16-21, P16-84-86, P16-119, P16-258, P16-260, P16-263, P16-276.See also modification date and time; programming
creation field  P16-276
cRELOC records  P16-187, P16-297
CROUT  GSF-79, GSF-248
CROut routine  CTR-112,CTR-114
CROUT subroutine  ETR-64, ETR-222
CROUT1  GSF-247
CROut1 routine  CTR-112,CTR-114
CROUT1 subroutine  ETR-64, ETR-222
CROW0  IIGS #21
CROW1  IIGS #21
crsrUpdtHnd  GSTR-14-68
Crunch utility (APW)  GST-105, PI-223
crWidth  GSTR-15-12, GSTR-15-13
cString  GSTR-11-25
CStringBounds  GSTR-16-29, GSTR-16-58, GSTR-16-76
CStringWidth  GSTR-16-29, GSTR-16-58, GSTR-16-77
CSW (character output switch)  CTR-57,CTR-64,CTR-71,CTR-84,CTR-101,CTR-113,CTR-155, GST-52
CSW link  ETR-140-141
CSWH  CTR-57
CSWL  CTR-57
ctlAction  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-59, GSTR-4-74, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-13-17
CtlBootInit  GSTR-4-41
ctlColor  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-14, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-16, GSTR-4-17, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-10, GSTR-13-17
ctlData  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-14, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-17, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-63, GSTR-4-78, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-13-17
ctlFlag  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-17, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-13-17
ctlHilite  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-17, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-13-17
ctlInVis  GSTR-4-16, GSTR-4-18, GSTR-4-20, GSTR-4-22, GSTR-4-24, GSTR-4-72, GSTR-4-80, GSTR-4-85
ctlList  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-26
ctlListBar  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-26
ctlMemDraw  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-26
ctlMemHeight  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-26
ctlMemSize  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-26
CtlNewRes  GSTR-4-45
CtlNewRes  IIGS #4
ctlNext  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-17, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-13-17
ctlOwner  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-17, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-13-17
ctlProc  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-17, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-13-17
ctlRect  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-17, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-13-17
ctlRefcon  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-14, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-17, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-62, GSTR-4-77, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-13-17
CtlReset  GSTR-4-44
CtlShutDown  GSTR-4-9, GSTR-4-43
CtlShutdown  PI-58
CtlStartUp  GSTR-4-9, GSTR-4-42, PI-45
CtlStatus  GSTR-4-44
CtlTextDev  GSTR-23-15-16
ctlValue  GSTR-4-12, GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-15, GSTR-4-17, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-21, GSTR-4-23, GSTR-4-64, GSTR-4-79, GSTR-4-87, GSTR-11-6, GSTR-13-17
CtlVersion  GSTR-4-43
ctlYVector  GSTR-14-68, GSF-274
CUPDATE  GSF-269
current font  GSTR-8-8, GSTR-16-26, GSTR-16-119, GSTR-16-224
current icon font  GSTR-25-109
current, supply  ETR-159-160
cursor  GSF-71, GSTR-16-37-38, GSTR-16-156, GSTR-16-160, GSTR-16-182, GSTR-16-222, GSTR-16-230, GSTR-16-264, GSTR-17-16, GSTR-25-46, PI-116
   blinking question mark  CTR-169,CTR-179
   blinking underscore  CTR-179
   changing  GSF-41, GSF-64
   control  GSF-72
   keys  GSF-10
   mouse  CTR-187
   movement keys  CTR-4,CTR-62
cursor keys  PI-8
cursor motion in escape mode  ETR-60-61
cursor position  ETR-52-58, GST-53
cursor record  GSTR-16-37, GSTR-16-117, GSTR-16-222
cursor-control keys  ETR-11
cursorAction  GSTR-5-7, GSTR-5-30
custom control  GSTR-4-24, PI-130
custom debugger  IIGS #1
custom defProc  IIGS #42
custom fonts  ImageWriter #1
custom IC's  ETR-164-168
custom menu  GSTR-13-6, PI-149, GSTR-13-72, GSTR-13-87
custom windows  IIGS #42, PI-111
cut  GSTR-5-30
cut and paste  GST-67, GST-71
Cut command (Edit menu)  PI-32, PI-141, PI-159, PI-160, GSTR-6-42, GSTR-20-1, GSTR-20-6
cutAction  GSTR-5-7, GSTR-5-30
cutting and pasting  PI-159-161
   internally  PI-160
   large amounts of data  PI-161
   private scrap  PI-161
   programming techniques  PI-160-161
   publicly  PI-160
CV (cursor vertical)  CTR-64, ETR-52
cycle stealing  ETR-170
D
D register  GSF-11, GSF-35
   changing  GSF-60
   See direct register
D-type connector  ETR-8, GST-41
daisy chains, interrupt and DMA  ETR-193-195, ETR-208
daisy-chain drive connection  GST-39
daNotFound  GSTR-5-14, GSTR-5-20, GSTR-5-30, GSTR-B-3
darkGray320  GSTR-16-274
darkGreen320  GSTR-16-274
data area  GSTR-25-9-10, GSTR-25-54, GSTR-25-87, GSTR-25-96, GSTR-25-97, PI-105, PI-112, PI-117
data bank  GSTR-25-43
data bank register  GSF-13, GSF-16, GSF-35, GSF-92, GSH-200, P16-104, PI-294, PI-295
   , changing  GSF-61
   system interrupt handler  GSF-181
data bank registers  GST-13, GST-14, GST-83
data bits, settings  GST-34, GST-35
data blocks.  See file blocks
data buffer pointer  GSF-126-127
data bus  ETR-161
data bus and expansion slots  GST-28
data byte encoding table  GSF-164
Data Carrier Detect  CTR-281
data carrier detect (DCD)  GSF-84
data format  GSF-88
   serial port 1  CTR-163
   serial port 2  CTR-177-178
data format for SSC  ETR-279
data inputs  CTR-23
data overruns  GST-38
data registers, 16-bit  GST-61
Data Set Ready (DSR)  CTR-281
data set ready (DSR)  GSF-84-85, GSF-95
data structures  PI-277
   Apple Desktop Bus Tool Set  GSTR-3-29
   Control Manager  GSTR-4-87-88
   Dialog Manager  GSTR-6-89-90
   Event Manager  GSTR-7-51
   Font Manager  GSTR-8-51
   initializing (HodgePodge)  PI-38-41
   LineEdit Tool Set  GSTR-10-47
   List Manager  GSTR-11-25-26
   Menu Manager  GSTR-13-88
   Miscellaneous Tool Set  GSTR-14-69
   Print Manager  GSTR-15-47-48
   QuickDraw II  GSTR-16-276-278
   Sound Tool Set  GSTR-21-37
   Standard File Operations Tool Set  GSTR-22-32
   toolbox-defined  PI-38
   Window Manager  GSTR-25-142-143
Data Terminal Ready (DTR)  CTR-280, GSF-84-85, GSF-95
data transfer  CTR-42-43
data transmission rate  GST-34, GST-46
date
   changing  GSF-64
   displaying  GSF-40, GSF-63
   setting  GST-26
dateFormat  GSTR-14-65
dates.  See creation date and time; modification date and time
DB register.  See data bank register
dbl hi-res  IIe #3
dblClkTime  GSTR-14-65
DBR register  GSF-11, GSF-13, GSF-35
DC1 character  ETR-54
DC2 character  ETR-54
DC3 character  ETR-54
DCB (device control block)  GSF-123,130
DCD (data carrier detect)  GSF-84
DCD handshaking  GST-34
dead character  GSTR-16-45
deallocation of memory  GSTR-12-1, GSTR-12-23, GSTR-12-24
DEALLOC_INTERRUPT  PI-272, ProDOS #12, P16-48, P16-95, P16-177
   description of  P16-175
Debugger (APW)  GST-8, GST-105
debuggers  P16-61, P16-89, CTR-212,CTR-221
debugging  GSF-48, PI-246-254
   with Apple IIGS Debugger  PI-248-253
   with desk accessories  PI-246-247
   with Monitor program  PI-247-248
debugging stub  IIGS #1
Dec2Int  GSTR-9-8
Dec2Long  GSTR-9-9
decBsyFlag  GSTR-14-68
DECBUSYFLG  GSF-270
decimal  CTR-387-388
decimal number conversion  GST-49
decimal numbers  GSH-246-248
decimal numbers, converting  GSF-41,65
decimal values  ETR-12
   converting to hexadecimal  ETR-238-239
   negative  ETR-239-240
decimal, negative  CTR-388-389
default button  GSTR-6-5, GSTR-6-11, GSTR-6-18, GSTR-6-21, GSTR-6-24, GSTR-6-37, GSTR-6-51, GSTR-6-80
   alert box  PI-135
   dialog boxes  PI-139
default prefix  PI-208, PI-209
default properties (windows)  PI-108
DefaultFilter  GSTR-6-37
definition procedures  PI-51, PI-109, PI-130, PI-136, PI-149
defProc  IIGS #42
defProcParm  GSTR-6-90
delay  Miscellaneous #12
Delete  CTR-4,CTR-358
delete  PI-141
Delete key  GSF-75
DeleteID  GSTR-14-59
DeleteMenu  GSTR-13-13, GSTR-13-36, GSTR-13-39
deleteMessage  GSTR-24-15, GSTR-24-26
DeleteMItem  GSTR-13-13, GSTR-13-37, PI-154
deleting files.  See file(s)
deleting text  GST-67
DelHeartBeat  GSTR-7-25, GSTR-14-52
delta  GSF-199
delta flag byte  GSTR-10-43
demultiplexer  GSH-113-114
dependencies  GSTR-C-1-5
Deref  PI-190
dereference  GSTR-12-5
dereferencing  PI-189, PI-190, See memory handles
descender  GSTR-16-45
descent  GSTR-16-26, GSTR-16-45, GSTR-16-48, GSTR-16-62
descent line  GSTR-16-45, PI-93
design guidelines  IIGS #28
desk accessories  GSH-43, GST-3, GST-46, GST-67, GST-89, P16-52-54, P16-170, PI-21, PI-47, PI-75, PI-156-158, PI-182. See also classic desk accessory; new desk accessory
   Apple menu and  PI-31
   debugging with  PI-246-247
   files  P16-53-54
   HodgePodge and  PI-158
   Macintosh  PI-156, PI-289
   programming techniques  PI-262-265
   supporting  PI-156-158
   TaskMaster and  PI-158
   User ID and  P16-71
   writing  PI-262-265
desk accessory  GSTR-1-3, GSTR-5-1
   alternate-display-mode  GSTR-5-24
   classic  GSTR-5-1
   event  GSTR-7-4, GSTR-7-14
   new  GSTR-5-1
Desk Accessory menu  GSTR-13-GSTR-4-5
Desk Manager  GSF-180, GST-59, GST-67-68, GST-89, GSTR-1-3, GSTR-1-5, GSTR-5-1-30, PI-21, PI-47, PI-64, PI-71, PI-156-158, PI-182, PI-262-265
   constants  GSTR-5-30
   error codes  GSTR-5-30
   GetNextEvent and  GSTR-7-40
   shutdown routine  GSTR-5-10
   startup routine  GSTR-5-9
   status routine  GSTR-5-11
   version number routine  GSTR-5-10
desk scrap  GST-71, GSTR-1-3, GSTR-10-11, GSTR-10-23, GSTR-10-45, GSTR-20-1, GSTR-20-3, GSTR-20-5-6, PI-21, PI-141, PI-159
   data types  GSTR-20-3-4
   data types  PI-160
   on disk  PI-160
desk-accessory event  PI-69
DESK.ACCS subdirectory  GSTR-5-3, GSTR-5-6
deskAccEvt  GSTR-7-7, GSTR-7-50, PI-69
deskAccHnd  GSTR-14-68
deskAccMask  GSTR-7-11, GSTR-7-50
DeskBootInit  GSTR-5-9
DeskReset  GSTR-5-11
DeskShutDown  GSTR-5-4, GSTR-5-5, GSTR-5-6, GSTR-5-7, GSTR-5-10, PI-58, PI-158
DeskStartUp  GSTR-5-4, GSTR-5-5, GSTR-5-6, GSTR-5-7, GSTR-5-9, PI-45, l58
DeskStatus  GSTR-5-11
desktop  GSTR-25-1, GSTR-25-39, GSTR-25-91, GSTR-25-39-43
desktop applications  PI-10, PI-13, PI-124
DeskTop Bus  GST-12
   ADB microcontroller  GST-42-43, GST-70
   detached keyboard support  GST-42
   firmware  GST-43
   interface  GST-3-4, GST-41-42
   interrupts  GST-55
   mouse support  GST-42-43
   Tool Set  GST-70
desktop features, supporting  PI-l56-161
desktop interface  PI-xviii, PI-xix-xx, PI-10-13, PI-20-21, PI-257
desktop pattern  GSTR-25-43
desktop tools  GST-66-68
desktop user interface  GSH-233, GST-3, GST-48, GST-58, GST-110, GSTR-xGSTR-xvi
desktop, programming techniques  PI-10
desktop-interface tool sets  PI-20-21
DeskVersion  GSTR-5-10
destination rectangle  GSTR-10-4, GSTR-10-6-7, GSTR-10-36
DESTROY  PI-210, PI-213, P16-21, P16-115-116
destroying files  PI-210
detached keyboard  GST-42-43
Deutsche Industrie Normal  GST-42
devcnt  ProDOS #20
Developer Technical Support  PI-279
development environment  GSTR-xGSTR-xvii, See Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop
devErr  GSTR-23-16, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
device addresses (ADB)  GSH-137-138
device assignment, peripheral card  ETR-145
device calls.  See system calls
device control block (DCB)  CTR-130,CTR-138, GSF-123,130
device driver  GSTR-3-3, GSTR-7-21
device driver entry point  GSTR-23-3
device driver event  GSTR-7-4
device driver, installing  GSTR-7-23-24
device driver, removing  GSTR-7-25
device driver, writing  GSTR-7-21-23
device drivers  P16-43, P16-254, PI-69, PI-166, PI-173
   standard I/O  links  GST-51-52
device handlers (ADB)  GSH-136-137
device identification  ETR-145
device independence  PI-12
Device Information Block (DIB)  ProDOS #21, SmartPort #4, #7, CTR-131
device mapping  GSF-117-119
device registers  GSH-133-136
device search at system startup  P16-45-46.See also system startup
DEVICE SELECT  IIe #2, #4
device select signal  GST-30
DEVICE SELECTc signal  ETR-133
device(s)  P16-8, P16-42-46.See also interrupt(s); system calls or specific device
   accessing  P16-43-45, P16-84.See also programming
   block  P16-9, P16-14, P16-42-43, P16-84
   block read and block write  P16-44-45
   character  P16-9, P16-43
   definition of  P16-42
   formatting disks.  See disks
   input  P16-42-43
   input/output  P16-42
   interrupt-handling and  P16-47-49.See also interrupt handlers
   last-accessed  P16-44
   named  P16-7,10, P16-43-46, P16-84, P16-128
   numbers  P16-45, P16-155
   online, number supported  P16-45
   output  P16-42-43
   sequential-access  P16-43
   volume control blocks and  P16-47.See also volume(s)
device-driver entry point  ProDOS #21
device-driver events  PI-69, PI-73
device-driver table  ProDOS #20
device-independence  P16-91
device-interface tool sets  PI-21
devices  ProDOS #20
devlst  ProDOS #20
devNotAtAddr  GSTR-3-25, GSTR-3-29, GSTR-B-4
   pages  GST-47, GST-68
   specifications  GST-3
load files  GST-104, P16-183, P16-193, P16-205, P16-229, P16-298.See also file(s), PI-23, PI-26, PI-196, PI-226-229
   order of load segments in  PI-235
Load Segment By Name call (System Loader)  P16-206, P16-234-236
Load Segment By Number call (System Loader)  P16-206, P16-224, P16-235
   description of  P16-228-229
load segments  GST-96, PI-194-195, PI-196, PI-230, PI-231-234
   assigning in source code  PI-234-236
   assigning with LinkEd file  PI-236
   characteristics of  PI-232
   difference from object segments  PI-230
   dynamic  PI-232
   memory blocks and  PI-194
   number of  PI-232
   order in load file  PI-235
   types of (System Loader)  PI-196
   See segment(s); System Loader
load, initial  P16-183-194, P16-205, P16-222-224, P16-240.See also System Loader
Loader Dumper  PI-247, PI-249, PI-250
Loader Initialization call (System Loader)  P16-215
Loader Reset call (System Loader)  P16-220
Loader Shutdown call (System Loader)  P16-217
Loader Startup call (System Loader)  P16-216
Loader Status call (System Loader)  P16-221
Loader Version call (System Loader)  P16-218-219
LoadFont  GSTR-8-15, GSTR-8-46-47
loading tool set  GSTR-2-3-4
loading
   applications (System Loader)  l98, PI-199
   relocatable segments (System Loader)  PI-197
   segments  PI-198
   tool sets  PI-63
   See application(s); System Loader
LoadOne  PI-164, PI-211, PI-3o6
LoadOneTool  GSTR-22-13, GSTR-22-16, GSTR-22-17, GSTR-24-3, GSTR-24-10
LoadScrap  GSTR-20-15
LoadSysFont  GSTR-8-48
LoadTools  GSTR-2-3, GSTR-24-3, GSTR-24-11-13, GSTR-24-25, PI-42, PI-44, PI-63
local coordinates  GSTR-4-8, GSTR-4-50, GSTR-4-69, GSTR-16-9, GSTR-16-16-17, GSTR-16-39, GSTR-16-154, GSTR-16-173, GSTR-25-30, GSTR-25-31, GSTR-25-82, PI-77, PI-82-84, PI-103, lO5, PI-117-118
local references  PI-197
local-area network (AppleTalk)  GST-38, See AppleTalk  
LocalToGlobal  GSTR-16-39, GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-173
location information  PI-76, PI-79
location table  GSTR-16-44, GSTR-16-49-50
locInfo record  GSTR-16-13, GSTR-16-14, GSTR-16-138, GSTR-16-242, GSTR-16-277, GSTR-17-10
locked blocks.  See memory blocks
locked handles  PI-187, PI-189, PI-195, PI-277
locked movable block  GSTR-12-7
lockErr  GSTR-12-36, GSTR-12-39, GSTR-12-40, GSTR-12-41, GSTR-12-43, GSTR-12-47, GSTR-B-2
locking block, memory  GSTR-12-30, GSTR-12-31
Loclnfo record  PI-76, PI-79, PI-81, PI-103
locSize  GSTR-16-274
Logo  GST-103
Logo II  CTR-330
london  GSTR-8-4, GSTR-8-51
long word, size of  P16-33, P16-102
Long2Dec  GSTR-9-31
Long2Fix  GSTR-9-32
Long2Hex  GSTR-9-33
LongDivide  GSTR-9-34
longint type (Integer Math)  PI-179
longint value  GSTR-xxx, GSTR-9-1
LongMul  GSTR-9-35
longStatText  GSTR-6-10, GSTR-6-12, GSTR-6-17, GSTR-6-88
longStatText2  GSTR-6-10, GSTR-6-12, GSTR-6-17, GSTR-6-88
losAngeles  GSTR-8-4, GSTR-8-51
lostDev  GSTR-23-15, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
lostFile  GSTR-23-15, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
low-level drive access  UniDisk 3.5 #5
low-level Event Manager  GSTR-7-3
low-level events  GST-65
low-level sound routine  GSTR-21-1, GSTR-21-6, GSTR-21-35
   jump table  GSTR-21-23
low-order word  GSTR-9-36
low-pass filter with DOC  GST-25
low-resolution graphics  CTR-94-95,CTR-266-267, ETR-17, ETR-18, ETR-21-23
   colors  ETR-23
   display pages  ETR-27
   generation  ETR-181-182
   map  CTR-109, ETR-35
   with TV set  ETR-16
lowercase characters  CTR-395, P16-18
LoWord  GSTR-9-36, PI-43, PI-54, PI-121, PI-123
M
M command  CTR-156,CTR-171
m flag  GSF-37, P16-64
M register  GSF-36
M2Select slot signal  GST-28
MacGen utility (APW)  GSTR-2-5, GST-105, PI-224
MACHID byte  Miscellaneous #2, ProDOS #11, #15
machine configuration.  See configuration
machine language  ETR-120-122
Machine Language Interface  CTR-125
machine registers  GSF-12
machine state  GSF-36
   changing  GSF-61
machine-language programs  CTR-219-221, GSF-48-50
Macintosh  GST-5-6, GST-59-62, PI-13, PI-14, PI-17, PI-167, PI-180, P16-90
Macintosh disks  UniDisk 3.5 #4
Macintosh font record  GSTR-16-41
Macintosh Interface Libraries  GST-102
Macintosh Workshop C  GST-102
Macintosh
   Control Manager  PI-288
   converting programs to the Apple IIGS  PI-282-289
   desk accessories  PI-156, PI-289
   file system  PI-287-288
   Memory Manager  PI-288
   Print Manager  PI-289
   QuickDraw  PI-284-287
   resources  PI-285
   Standard File Package  PI-289
   TaskMater not available  PI-286
   toolbox compared to Apple IIGS  PI-284-289
   WindowManager  PI-288
macro assembler  GST-8, GST-102
macro file  GSTR-2-5
macro library  GST-63
macros  P16-xv, P16-6, PI-222, PI-65
   calls  P16-213
mailbox registers  GSF-186
main event loop  GST-62, PI-14-15, PI-16, PI-48, PI-67, HodgePodge and  PI-48-50
Main ID.  See User ID
main logic board  CTR-12-15, GSH-4
main memory  CTR-42-44,CTR-161,CTR-175,CTR-269, GSH-60, GST-16-17
   screen holes  CTR-313-314
main program (HodgePodge)  PI-36, PI-37
main RAM  CTR-22
main routine  PI-233
MainEvent  PI-35, PI-36, PI-50
mainID  GSTR-12-10, GSTR-14-58, PI-192
MakeATemplate  PI-140, PI-310
MAKEFMT.CODE  Pascal #12
MAKEFMT.TEXT  Pascal #12
MakeLib utility (APW)  PI-224-238, GST-105
manager.  See tool sets or specifc tool set
manuals  P16-xv-xvii, P16-xix-xx
manuals available  GST-9, GST-106-111
manuals
   Apple IIc Technical Reference Manual  P16-34
   Apple IIGS Firmware Reference  P16-xvi-xvii, xix, P16-9, P16-43, P16-47, P16-95
   Apple IIGS Hardware Reference  P16-xvi-xvii, P16-33-34
   Apple IIGS ProDOS 16 Reference  P16-xvi-xvii
   Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop Assembler Reference  P16-xvi-xviii, xx, P16-90
   Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop C Reference  P16-xvi-xvii, xx, P16-90
   Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop Reference  P16-xvi-xvii, xx, P16-9, P16-70
   Apple IIGS Toolbox Reference  P16-xvi-xvii, xix, P16-8-9, P16-34, P16-36, P16-40, P16-43, P16-49, P16-70-72, P16-78, P16-82-83, P16-96, P16-300
   Apple Numerics Manual  P16-xvi-xvii
   Human Interface Guidelines  P16-xvi-xvii, P16-90-91
   ProDOS 8 Technical Reference Manual  P16-xvi-xviii, xx, P16-5, P16-66
   Programmer's Introduction to the Apple IIGS  P16-xvi-xvii, xix, P16-40, P16-81
   Technical Introduction to the Apple IIGS  P16-xvii-xvii, xix, P16-4, P16-33, P16-100
ManyWindDialog  PI-120
mapping display addresses  ETR-175-177
MapPoly  GSTR-16-174
MapPt  GSTR-16-175
MapRect  GSTR-16-176
MapRgn  GSTR-16-177
maps  See memory maps
   48K memory  CTR-37
   display address  CTR-259-261
   display page  CTR-105-111
   memory  CTR-20,CTR-308-321
   ROM  CTR-397,CTR-398
Mark  P16-21-24, P16-26, P16-30, P16-143, P16-201-202, P16-273-274.See also file(s), PI-214
mark table  GSF-144-145
marked menu item  GSTR-13-80
mask drawing  GSTR-16-18
maskHandle  GSTR-16-191, GSTR-16-277
Masking Enable  GSF-83
maskSize  GSTR-16-274
master color  GSTR-16-31, GSTR-16-274-275
master color value  GSTR-16-31, GSTR-16-35, PI-98
master index blocks.  See file blocks
master pointer  GSTR-12-5, See pointer(s)
master scan line control byte. See master SCB  
master SCB  GSTR-2-2, GSTR-16-127, GSTR-16-160, GSTR-16-231, IIGS #34
master user ID  GSTR-12-10-11, GSTR-12-14, GSTR-12-15, GSTR-12-23, GSTR-12-35, PI-192, PI-193
   DisposeAll and  PI-194
mastrIRQNotAssgnErr  GSTR-21-37
math routine  GSTR-9-4
math tool sets  PI-22, PI-178-180
mathematical tools  GST-68-69
MaxBlock  GSTR-12-26, GSTR-12-34, GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-30
maxFbrExtent  GSTR-16-59-60
maxFixed  GSTR-9-42
maxFontHeight  GSTR-16-59-60
maxFrac  GSTR-9-42
maximum content height  GSTR-25-87
maximum content width  GSTR-25-87
maximum segment size  PI-23
maxint  GSTR-9-42
maxitemType  GSTR-6-88
maxLongint  GSTR-9-42
maxUInt  GSTR-9-42
maxULong  GSTR-9-42
maxWidth  GSTR-16-59-60, GSTR-16-61, GSTR-16-206, GSTR-16-276, IIGS #34
mChooseMsg  GSTR-13-22, GSTR-13-24, GSTR-13-87
MCOPY assembler directive  GSTR-2-5
mCustom  GSTR-13-87
MD IN/OUT  IIe #2
mDisabled  GSTR-13-87
mDownMask  GSTR-7-11, GSTR-7-50
mDrawMItem  GSTR-13-22, GSTR-13-27, GSTR-13-87
mDrawMsg  GSTR-13-22, GSTR-13-23, GSTR-13-87
mDrawTitle  GSTR-13-22, GSTR-13-26, GSTR-13-87
mechanical specification  GSTR-xGSTR-xvi
Mega II  GSH-7, GSH-10, GSH-12, GSH-52, GSH-167, IIGS #32, #39, GSF-308, GST-12, GST-74-76
member record  GSTR-11-6
   disabled  GSTR-11-6
   drawing  GSTR-11-17
   selected  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-12, GSTR-11-20, GSTR-11-21, GSTR-11-22
   sorting  GSTR-11-23
memBit  GSTR-8-9, GSTR-8-10, GSTR-8-50
memDisabled  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-25
memErr  GSTR-12-19, GSTR-12-36, GSTR-12-41, GSTR-12-42, GSTR-12-43, GSTR-12-47, GSTR-B-2
memFlag  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-20, GSTR-11-21, GSTR-11-26
memOnlyBit  GSTR-8-11, GSTR-8-50
memory  GSF-9, GSH-7, GSH-12, P16-6, P16-8, P16-32-40.See also RAM; ROM, PI-2, PI-4, PI-5-6, PI-76
memory addresses  CTR-20
   display  CTR-258,CTR-260
   hardware page  CTR-316-321
   port I/O  CTR-72-73
   port screen hole  CTR-74
   text window  CTR-68-69
memory attributes word  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-37
memory banks  P16-33-36, PI-6, $00  P16-33-34, P16-47, P16-56, P16-61, P16-64, P16-68, P16-75, P16-81, P16-88, P16-100, P16-105, P16-224
   $01  P16-33-34, P16-64, P16-224
   $01-$E1  P16-64
   $E0  P16-34
   $E1  P16-34-36, P16-65, P16-105
   shadowing  GST-79
memory block  GSTR-12-1, GSTR-12-5
   attributes  GSTR-12-12-13, GSTR-12-37
   locking  GSTR-12-30, GSTR-12-31
   purging  GSTR-12-8-10, GSTR-12-13, GSTR-12-39, GSTR-12-40, GSTR-12-44, GSTR-12-45
   unlocking  GSTR-12-32, GSTR-12-33
memory blocks  P16-26-29, P16-185.See also block devices; Memory Manager, PI-187, PI-197, PI-247
   absolute  P16-40
   addresses of  P16-38
   applications and  P16-39
   attributes  PI-187, PI-188
   attributes of  P16-37
   disposing  P16-38, P16-245
   disposing of  PI-194, PI-277
   fixed (unmovable)  P16-37, P16-40, P16-78-79, P16-82, P16-185-186
   handles to  PI-189, See memory handles
   load segments and  PI-194
   load-segment relationships (load time)  P16-186
   locked  P16-37-38, P16-77-79, P16-184, P16-227
   manipulation of  P16-37-38
   movable  P16-185, P16-231
   pointers to  P16-38-39, P16-82, PI-189
   purgeable  P16-37-38, P16-78-79, P16-185-186, P16-277, P16-233, PI-194, PI-233
   size of  P16-37
   unlocking  PI-194
   unpurgeable  P16-185-186, P16-277
memory bus organization  CTR-249
memory dump  GSF-27
memory expansion  CTR-14, GSH-45-49, IIc #5, #6
memory expansion card  CTR-120,CTR-250,CTR-291, Memory Expansion Card #1
   entry points  CTR-122
   I/O  CTR-123
   startup routine  CTR-122
memory expansion cards  GST-18, GST-78
memory expansion slot  GST-3
memory expansion
   card  GSH-27
   expansion signals  GSH-45
   expansion slot  GSH-25, GSH-45, GSH-163-166
   extended RAM  GSH-47
   extended RAM mapping  GSH-48-49
   extended ROM  GSH-49
   mouse and  CTR-191,CTR-195
memory fragmentation  PI-188
memory handles  GSTR-12-5, P16-38-40, P16-82, P16-102, P16-194, P16-200, P16-214
   definition of  P16-214
   dereferencing  P16-39, P16-82, P16-104, P16-207
   introduction to  P16-38-39
   length of (parameter fields)  P16-106
   NIL  P16-187, P16-192-193, P16-277
memory image  PI-228
memory locations
   changing  GSF-28-30
   displaying  GSF-58
   examining  GSF-26-27
   text window  GSF-80
memory management  IIGS #17, P16-10, P16-15, P16-32-40, P16-38-39.See also Memory Manager
   how applications obtain memory  P16-39
   revising ProDOS 8 applications for ProDOS 16  P16-86
   similarity among operating systems  P16-287-288
memory management unit (MMU)  CTR-15,CTR-241-242,CTR-365, ETR-5, ETR-6, ETR-164-165
Memory Manager  GSF-9, GSF-15, GSF-308, GSF-310, GSH-27, GSH-43, GST-60, GST-61, GST-64, GST-79, GST-80, GST-95, GST-96, GSTR-1-3, GSTR-1-9, GSTR-2-1, GSTR-2-2, GSTR-12-1-47, IIGS #15, #17, PI-20, PI-22, PI-23, PI-42, PI-63, PI-180, PI-186-195, PI-288, P16-xix, P16-8, P16-32, P16-36-37, P16-64, P16-74, P16-79, P16-82, P16-182, P16-187, P16-205, P16-227, P16-231, P16-245, P16-287.See also memory mangement
   calls  P16-207
   constants  GSTR-12-47
   description of  P16-36-37, P16-70
   error codes  GSTR-12-47
   interface with System Loader  P16-184-187
   memory blocks and  P16-104, P16-185
   shutdown routine  GSTR-12-18
   startup routine  GSTR-12-17
   status routine  GSTR-12-20
   support for bank-alignment  P16-300
   version number routine  GSTR-12-19
Memory Mangler  PI-247
memory maps  IIe #3, IIGS #32, ProDOS #18
   128K Apple II  GST-17
   40-column text  ETR-33, ETR-177
   80-column text  ETR-34
   Apple II programs  GST-79
   Apple IIGS  GST-15
   Apple IIGS programs  GST-80
   auxiliary memory  ETR-87
   bank-switched areas  ETR-82
   double-high-resolution graphics  ETR-37
   high-resolution graphics  ETR-36
   I/O  ETR-142
   language-card RAM  GST-85
   low-resolution graphics  ETR-35
   main memory  ETR-75
   RAM  ETR-76
memory organization  GST-15-18, GST-61
memory pages
   $00 (zero page)  CTR-20,CTR-24,CTR-25,CTR-308-311
   $01 (stack)  CTR-20,CTR-24,CTR-25
   $02 (input buffer)  CTR-36
   $03 (global storage, vectors)  CTR-36,CTR-312
   $04-$07 (TLP1)  CTR-36-38
   $08 (communication port buffers)  CTR-38
   $08-$0B (TLP2)  CTR-38
   $20-$3F (HRP1)  CTR-38
   $40-$5F (HRP2)  CTR-39
   $D0-$FF  CTR-26
   reserved  ETR-77-81
      microprocessor  See 6502 microprocessor;
memory protection ranges, using  PI-252
memory range
   display  GSF-27
   filling  GSF-34
   terminating  GSF-58
memory refresh  GST-77
Memory Segment Table  P16-184, P16-187-189, P16-192-193, P16-206, P16-227, P16-231, P16-238
memory shadowing  See display shadowing; I/O shadowing
memory space  GSTR-12-1
memory
   48K  CTR-36-39
   65816 signals  GSH-167
   addressable, total  P16-9, P16-32
   addresses  P16-34, P16-36-37, P16-82, P16-124.See also addresses; pointer(s)
   addressing  CTR-248-253, ETR-168
   allocatable by Memory Manager  PI-191
   allocating private  GSTR-12-11
   allocation  GSH-14, GSTR-12-35, PI-191-194, P16-82.See also programming
   attributes  GSTR-12-12, GSTR-12-37
   auxiliary  CTR-42-44,CTR-74,CTR-106,CTR-160-161,CTR-175,CTR-269,CTR-315, ETR-86-93, GSH-36-41, GSH-60
   auxiliary banks  GSH-44
   bank switching  GSH-32
   bank-switched  CTR-24-35, ETR-82-86, ETR-87, ETR-229, P16-33-34
   banks  GSH-27, See memory banks
   blocks.  See memory blocks
   built-in  GSH-25-45
   changing  GSF-28-31, GSF-64
   changing contents  CTR-208-210, ETR-105-110
   compaaion  PI-188, GSTR-12-5-7, GSTR-12-15, GSTR-12-22, P16-38
   comparing data  CTR-211-212, GSF-33
   configurations  P16-32-36
   conserving space  P16-22
   deallocation  GSTR-12-23, GSTR-12-25
   display  ETR-174-178
   disposal  PI-193
   dump  CTR-206-208, ETR-102-104
   entry points and fixed locations  P16-35-36
   examining  CTR-206, ETR-102
   expansion  GSTR-12-3, P16-33
   expansion ROM space  GSH-28, GSH-175-176
   filling  ETR-117-118
   for peripheral cards  ETR-132-136
   fragmentation  GSTR-12-6-8
   handles.  See memory handles
   I/O memory space  GSH-181-182
   I/O space  ETR-142-143
   I/O.  See input/output
   language card  GSH-37
   language-card areas  P16-34, P16-64
   limits  GSTR-12-3
   locking  GSTR-12-30, GSTR-12-31
   main  CTR-42-44,CTR-161,CTR-175,CTR-269,CTR-313-314, GSH-60
   main bank  GSH-44
   management.  See memory management; Memory Manager
   map  GSH-27-28, P16-32, P16-35, CTR-20,CTR-308-321
   memory banks
      $00  PI-4, PI-6, PI-192, PI-203, PI-248, PI-267, PI-270, PI-293-296
      $01  PI-6, PI-295
      $E1  PI-6, PI-267, PI-295
      $EO  PI-6, PI-295
   Memory Manager  GSH-27, GSH-43
   minimum configuration  PI-5
   movable  P16-82.See also memory blocks
   moving data  CTR-210-211, GSF-31-32
   non-special  P16-54
   obtaining (applications)  P16-39-40
   organization  ETR-74-98
   peripheral-card  GSH-174-177
   peripheral-card ROM space  GSH-175
   purging  GSTR-12-39, GSTR-12-40, GSTR-12-44, GSTR-12-45
   RAM  CTR-13, GSH-2, GSH-3, GSH-7, GSH-12, GSH-22, GSH-25, GSH-34, GSH-121
   RAM expansion  PI-5
   range  CTR-207
   reallocation  GSTR-12-41, GSTR-12-42
   refresh  GSH-22
   requesting  P16-39-40
   requirements (Apple IIGS Toolbox)  PI-5
   requirements of ProDOS 16  P16-xviii
   reserved  P16-64
   reserved pages  GSH-28
   ROM  CTR-13, GSH-3, GSH-7, GSH-12, GSH-34, GSH-121
   ROM expansion  PI-5
   searching for bytes  GSF-34
   shadowing  GSH-13, GSH-16-21, GSH-45, P16-34, P16-64
   sharing  ETR-91
   slot  GST-29-32
   special  P16-34, P16-37, P16-62, P16-78, P16-224, PI-187
   text window locations  ETR-56-57
   units, size of  P16-33
   unlocking  GSTR-12-32, GSTR-12-33
   used by SSC  ETR-287
   video  P16-33-34
memory-expandable IIc  IIc #7
memPtr  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-26
memSelect  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-20, GSTR-11-21
memSelected  GSTR-11-6, GSTR-11-25
menu  GSTR-13-1
menu bar  GSTR-13-4-5. See also system menu bar, IIGS #3, PI-115, PI-146, PI-147, PI-152
menu bar color  GSTR-13-18, GSTR-13-42-43, GSTR-13-69-70
menu bar record  GSTR-13-17-18
menu bar
   window  GSTR-13-5
menu color  GSTR-13-17
menu definition procedure  GSTR-13-21-28
menu global mask  GSTR-13-59-60
menu height  GSTR-13-33
menu help  GSTR-13-60
menu ID  GSTR-13-14, GSTR-13-16, PI-54, PI-55, PI-151-152, l55
menu interface  PI-13
menu item  GSTR-13-6, GSTR-13-50
menu item ID  GSTR-8-31, GSTR-8-45, GSTR-13-14, GSTR-13-79
menu item line  GSTR-13-13, GSTR-13-75
menu item number  GSTR-13-22
menu item
   blinking  GSTR-13-76
   checking  GSTR-13-34
   dimming  GSTR-13-6, GSTR-13-38, GSTR-13-60
   disabling  GSTR-13-6, GSTR-13-38
   marking  GSTR-13-51, GSTR-13-80
   text style  GSTR-13-52, GSTR-13-83
   underlining  GSTR-13-15-16, GSTR-13-77
menu items  PI-146
   disabled  PI-148
   keyboard equivalent  PI-149, PI-153
menu line  GSTR-13-13, GSTR-13-14, PI-149, PI-265
menu list  GSTR-13-13-15, GSTR-13-17
Menu Manager  GST-59, GST-66, GSTR-1-3, GSTR-1-9-10, GSTR-5-20, GSTR-13-1-88, IIGS #3, #4, #5, PI-21, PI-47, PI-64, PI-71, PI-146-155, PI-264
   constants  GSTR-13-87
   data structures  GSTR-13-88
   port  GSTR-13-46
   shutdown routine  GSTR-13-31
   startup routine  GSTR-13-30
   status routine  GSTR-13-32
   using  GSTR-13-7-13
   version number routine  GSTR-13-31
menu messages  GSTR-13-22
menu position  GSTR-13-17
menu record  GSTR-13-19-20, GSTR-13-21, GSTR-13-48, GSTR-13-88
menu selenions, handling  PI-153
menu title  GSTR-13-47, GSTR-13-53, GSTR-13-54, GSTR-13-74, PI-146, PI-153, GST-61, IIGS #5
menu width  GSTR-13-33
menu, pull-down  GSTR-1-3, GSTR-13-1
menu-event handling (HodgePodBe)  PI-54-56
MENU.ASM  PI-324-329
MENU.CC  PI-382-384
MENU.PAS  PI-419-421
MenuBootInit  GSTR-13-29
menuFlag  GSTR-13-19, GSTR-13-20, GSTR-13-21, GSTR-13-23, GSTR-13-88
MenuGlobal  GSTR-13-59-60
menuHeight  GSTR-13-19, GSTR-13-21, GSTR-13-25, GSTR-13-88
menuID  GSTR-13-19, GSTR-13-21, GSTR-13-88
MenuKey  GSTR-13-6, GSTR-13-11, GSTR-13-61-62, GSTR-25-120
MenuLine  GSTR-5-8
menuList  GSTR-13-17, GSTR-13-18
MenuNewRes  GSTR-13-63, IIGS #4
menuProc  GSTR-13-19, GSTR-13-20, GSTR-13-21, GSTR-13-88
MenuRefresh  GSTR-13-13, GSTR-13-64-65
MenuReset  GSTR-13-32
menus  PI-10, PI-14, PI-21, PI-116, PI-146. See also specific menu/menu comand
   accepting user input  PI-152-153
   appearance  PI-148-149
   constructing  PI-149-152
   custom  PI-149
   disabling  PI-116
   dividing lines  PI-148
   HodgePodge and  PI-31-33, PI-47
   modification of  PI-154-155
   organization of  PI-149
MenuSelect  GSTR-13-12, GSTR-13-66, GSTR-25-11, GSTR-25-120, GSTR-25-121, PI-115
MenuShutDown  GSTR-13-7, GSTR-13-31, PI-58
MenuStartUp  GSTR-13-7, GSTR-13-8, GSTR-13-30, GSTR-13-68, PI-45
MenuStatus  GSTR-13-32
MenuVersion  GSTR-13-31
menuWidth  GSTR-13-19, GSTR-13-21, GSTR-13-25, GSTR-13-88
message  GSTR-7-6, GSTR-7-8, GSTR-7-43, GSTR-7-51
message (event-record fleld)  PI-70
message dialog box  PI-135
message type  GSTR-24-14
MessageCenter  GSTR-24-3, GSTR-24-14-15
   action codes  GSTR-24-15
messages.  See error messages
messNotFoundErr  GSTR-24-14, GSTR-24-26, GSTR-B-2
MFS  UniDisk 3.5 #4
mGetMItemID  GSTR-13-22, GSTR-13-87
microcontroller  GSH-116, GSH-121
microprocessor  CTR-13,CTR-18-19, GSH-7, GSH-178
   See also 65C02 microprocessor  
   See specific type  
   See P16-6502; P16-65816
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)  PI-178
MIDI Tool Set  IIGS #23
minFixed  GSTR-9-42
minFrac  GSTR-9-42
Mini-Assembler  ETR-123-126, GSF-51-55, GSF-74, GST-50
   address formats  CTR-226
   errors  ETR-125
   instruction formats  CTR-226, ETR-126
   instruction formats  GSF-54-55
   opcodes  GSF-293-298
   starting  ETR-123, CTR-223-224
   using  CTR-224-226
mini-palettes  PI-7, PI-99
minimum blink interval  GSTR-10-26
minimum version  GSTR-2-4
minimum version number  GSTR-24-10, GSTR-24-11
minInt  GSTR-9-42
minipalette  GSTR-16-33, GSTR-16-35
minItemType  GSTR-6-88
minLongint  GSTR-9-42
MinRect  IIGS #34
mInvis  GSTR-13-87
mirrored devices  ProDOS #20
Miscellaneous Tool Set  GST-65, GSTR-1-3, GSTR-1-10-11, GSTR-2-1, GSTR-14-1-70, PI-20, PI-22, PI-42, PI-181-182, PI-248
   constants  GSTR-14-64-68
   data structures  GSTR-14-69
   error codes  GSTR-14-70
   shutdown routine  GSTR-14-7
   startup routine  GSTR-14-6
   status routine  GSTR-14-8
   using  GSTR-14-4-5
   version number routine  GSTR-14-7
   See System Failure Manager; User ID Manager
missing character  GSTR-16-48-49
missing charactersJsymbol  PI-95
missing symbol  GSTR-16-48-50
missingDriver  GSTR-15-26, GSTR-15-49, GSTR-B-5
mItemDisable  GSTR-13-78
mItemEnable  GSTR-13-78
MIXED soft switch  ETR-29
MIXED switch  CTR-102,CTR-243,CTR-354
mixed-mode displays  CTR-98-99
MLI  CTR-125
MMBootInit  GSTR-12-16
MMReset  GSTR-12-19
MMShutDown  GSTR-12-14, GSTR-12-18, GSTR-12-23
MMStartUp  GSTR-2-1, GSTR-12-10, GSTR-12-14, GSTR-12-17, GSTR-12-18, IIGS #17, PI-43
MMStatus  GSTR-12-20
MMU  ETR-5, ETR-6, ETR-164-165, IIe #2
MMVersion  GSTR-12-19
modal dialog box  GSTR-6-5, PI-133, PI-139
ModalDialog  GSTR-6-24, GSTR-6-65-66, IIGS #38, PI-141, PI-144
ModalDialog2  GSTR-6-67
mode  GSTR-16-191, GSTR-16-277
Mode byte  Mouse #3
Mode register  GSH-147-148
mode settings, Monitor  command  GST-49
modeBIC  GSTR-16-19, GSTR-16-20, GSTR-16-235, GSTR-16-275
modeCopy  GSTR-16-19, GSTR-16-20, GSTR-16-235, GSTR-16-275
modeForeBIC  GSTR-16-30, GSTR-16-260, GSTR-16-275
modeForeCopy  GSTR-16-30, GSTR-16-260, GSTR-16-275
modeForeOR  GSTR-16-30, GSTR-16-260, GSTR-16-275
modeForeXOR  GSTR-16-30, GSTR-16-260, GSTR-16-275
modeless dialog box  GSTR-6-5, GSTR-6-63, PI-133, PI-136
modem  CTR-177-178, GSH-150, GSH-173
modem communications  GSF-84
modem firmware  IIGS #13
modem port  GSF-301, GST-34
modem port, commands  CTR-170-172
modems  GST-46
modeOR  GSTR-16-19, GSTR-16-20, GSTR-16-235, GSTR-16-275
modes (program)  PI-12, PI-133
   emulation and native  P16-4, P16-9, P16-47, P16-100
modeXOR  GSTR-16-19, GSTR-16-20, GSTR-16-235, GSTR-16-275
modification date and time  P16-84-86, P16-264, P16-276.See also creation date and time; programming
modification field  P16-276
modifier key  GSTR-7-3, PI-71
Modifier Key register  GSH-123-124
modifier keys  CTR-5,CTR-81, GSH-120
modifiers  GSTR-7-6, GSTR-7-8, GSTR-7-43, GSTR-7-51
modifiers (event-record feld)  PI-70, PI-71
Modify Memory command (Exerciser)  P16-291
MON  GSF-255
monaco  GSTR-8-4, GSTR-8-51
Monitor  CTR-5,CTR-23,CTR-36,CTR-57,CTR-59,CTR-63,CTR-161,CTR-176,CTR-258,CTR-312,CTR-356
Monitor command  GSF-49
   advanced  CTR-216-218
   debugging  CTR-221
   machine-language program  CTR-219-221
   memory  CTR-205-212
   register  CTR-212-213
   repeating  CTR-217-218
   summary  CTR-227-229
   syntax  CTR-205
Monitor firmware  GSF-4, GSH-3, GSH-28, GSH-43, GSH-184, GST-4, GST-5, GST-47-54
Monitor program  P16-xix, P16-281, P16-293, PI-267
   debugging with  PI-247-248
Monitor ROM  ETR-168-169
   listings  ETR-307-347
Monitor
   entry points  CTR-322,CTR-326-327
   firmware routines  CTR-112-115
   game support  CTR-201
   input routines  CTR-82
   interrupts  CTR-74
   memory location  CTR-204
   output  CTR-270
   speaker routines  CTR-84
   System  ETR-100-129
      command summary  ETR-127-129
      command syntax  ETR-101
      creating commands  ETR-119
      firmware subroutines  ETR-46-71
      returning to BASIC  ETR-115
      ROM listings  ETR-307-347
      use of page 3  ETR-8
      use of page zero  ETR-79
   vectors  CTR-326-327
   See system Monitor  
mono hi-res mode  IIGS #29
monochrome hi-res mode  IIGS #29
monochrome monitor  GST-19, GSH-57
Monochrome/Color register  GSH-78-79
MONZ  GSF-255
MONZ2  GSF-255
MONZ4  GSF-256
MountBootDisk  PI-45, PI-307-308
mouse  IIc #6, Mouse #3, PI-8, PI-10
mouse button  GSTR-4-46
mouse clamp value  GSTR-2-2, GSTR-7-27
mouse clamping  Mouse #7
Mouse Data register  GSH-125
mouse firmware  GSF-6, GSF-197-213
   calls  GSF-209
   using  GSF-202-205
mouse interrupt status  GSTR-14-35
mouse interrupts  GST-43
mouse location  GSTR-16-37
mouse mode  GSTR-14-36
mouse port
   addresses  CTR-325
   I/O firmware protocol  CTR-195
   screen holes  CTR-197
mouse programs, BASIC  GSF-206-208
mouse routine  GSTR-14-5
mouse routines (Miscellaneous Tool Set)  PI-182
mouse support  GST-42-43
   ADB Tool Set  GST-70
   desktop user interface  GST-3
   direct access  GST-65
   Event Manager  GST-65
   firmware  GST-43
   in Macintosh  GST-6
   interrupts  GST-55
mouse
   as hand controller  CTR-198
   assembly-language support  CTR-195-196
   BASIC support  CTR-195-196
   button signals  CTR-286
   circuits  CTR-285
   clicks  PI-14, PI-15, PI-48
   connector  CTR-284
   connector signals  CTR-284
   defaults  CTR-50
   double-clicks  PI-71
   firmware entry points  CTR-23
   firmware routines  CTR-193-194
   I/O firmware support  CTR-191-196
   inputs  CTR-186-198,CTR-282-286,CTR-363
   interrupts  CTR-50,CTR-339-340,CTR-345-346,CTR-354, GSF-180, GSF-183
   operating modes  CTR-187-188
   Pascal support  CTR-195
   port characteristics  CTR-186
   position clamps  GSF-201
   position data  GSF-199-201
   screen holes  CTR-196-197
   slot for  PI-9
   soft switches  CTR-189-191
   waveforms  CTR-283
mouse-down event  GSTR-4-10, GSTR-5-26, GSTR-6-39, GSTR-6-64, GSTR-6-66, GSTR-7-3, GSTR-7-8, GSTR-7-13, GSTR-25-11, GSTR-25-48-49, GSTR-25-92, GSTR-25-127, GSTR-25-129-130, PI-15, PI-16, PI-69, PI-71, PI-73, PI-129
mouse-up event  GSTR-7-3, GSTR-7-13, PI-69, PI-71
mouseClamps  GSTR-14-21, GSTR-14-66
mouseDownEvt  GSTR-7-7, GSTR-7-50, GSTR-25-120, GSTR-25-121, PI-69
mouseIntHnd  GSTR-14-68
mouseOff  GSTR-14-36, GSTR-14-67
mouseOffVI  GSTR-14-36, GSTR-14-67
MousePaint, serial-port compatibility  GST-39
mouseSlot  GSTR-14-66
MouseText  CTR-69,CTR-70,CTR-88,CTR-90,CTR-360, GSH-59, GSH-74, GSH-243, Mouse #6
   characters  ETR-17, ETR-19, ETR-246, CTR-91
mouseUpEvt  GSTR-7-7, GSTR-7-50, PI-69
MouX1 switch  CTR-190
MouY1 switch  CTR-190
movable (memory-block attribute)  PI-188
MOVE  GSF-250, GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-178, CTR-210-211,CTR-216-217,CTR-227, ETR-107-108, ETR-117, GSF-31-32, GSF-45, GSF-59, ETR-223
MoveAux routine  CTR-42-43
MoveControl  GSTR-4-10, GSTR-4-69, GSTR-11-11
moveCtl  GSTR-4-25, GSTR-4-39, GSTR-4-86
moveIntrpt  GSTR-14-36, GSTR-14-67
moveIntrptVI  GSTR-14-36, GSTR-14-67
movement constraint values  GSTR-4-53
movement interrupt mode  CTR-187-188
movement/button interrupt mode  CTR-188
MovePortTo  GSTR-16-179
MoveTo  GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-180, GSTR-25-22, PI-43, PI-94, PI-106, PI-143
MoveWindow  GSTR-25-44, GSTR-25-82, GSTR-25-138
MPW IIGS assembler  IIGS #33
MPW IIGS C  IIGS #31
mSelected  GSTR-13-87
MSGPOINTER  GSF-275
msgPtrVctr  GSTR-14-68
mSizeMsg  GSTR-13-22, GSTR-13-25, GSTR-13-87
MSLOT  ETR-150, ETR-154, GSF-266, IIGS #16, Miscellaneous #3
mstrIRQNotAssgnErr  GSTR-B-3
MTBootInit  GSTR-14-6
MTReset  GSTR-14-8
MTShutDown  GSTR-14-4, GSTR-14-7, PI-58
MTStartUp  GSTR-2-1, GSTR-14-4, GSTR-14-6, PI-43
MTStatus  GSTR-14-8
MTVersion  GSTR-14-7
multichannel sound output  IIGS #19
multiple volumes  Pascal #16
multiple-language programs
   debugging  PI-252-253
multiple-segment programming examples  PI-24 PI-1-245
multiplexer  GSH-104
multiplexing  CTR-251
   RAM address  CTR-252
multiplication, 32-bit  GSF-42
Multiply  GSTR-9-37
Munger routine (Miscellaneous Tool Set)  PI-182, GSTR-14-5, GSTR-14-45-47
mUpMask  GSTR-7-11, GSTR-7-50
music  GSF-10
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)  PI-178
mvEscape  GSTR-24-26
mvReturn  GSTR-24-26
mXor  GSTR-13-87
N
N command  CTR-228
NABORT  GSF-177, GSF-262
NAK character  ETR-54
named devices.  See device(s)
names.  See device(s); pathname(s); filenames; volume(s)
NaN  GSTR-9-40, GSTR-9-41
National Television Standards  Committee  See composite  (NTSC) video
native mode  GSF-9, GSF-14, GSF-56, GSH-28, GSH-198, GSH-201, GST-13-14, GSTR-1-2, GSTR-1-, IIGS #2, P16-4, P16-9, P16-47, P16-100.See also programming, PI-4, PI-173, PI-271-272, PI-274, PI-291
   accumulator  GSF-18
   disassembler support  GST-50
   IOLC shadowing  GST-85
   memory addressing  GST-18
   mini-assembler support  GST-50
   operating system overview  GST-95
   program environments  summarized  GST-89
   register sizes  GST-83
   registers illustrated  GST-14
   stack location  GST-84, GSF-13, GSF-14, GSF-15
   stack pointer  GST-84
   switching to  GST-49
   tool calls  GST-88
NBREAK  GSF-177, GSF-262
NCOP  GSF-177, GSF-262
nD command  CTR-156,CTR-170
NDA header section  GSTR-5-19
NDA. See new desk accessory  
negative decimal  CTR-388-389
negative decimal values  ETR-12
   converting  ETR-239-240
negative-decimal numbers  GSH-248
Network Error  ProDOS #21
network volumes  ProDOS #5, #16, #17, #21
New American Standard Keyboard  (Dvorak)  GST-42
new desk accessories  GST-68, GST-89, GSTR-5-1, PI-156, PI-263, PI-289, PI-300. See also classic desk accessory; desk accessories
   programming examples  PI-265
   supporting  PI-157-158, PI-161
   writing  PI-264-265
   action codes  GSTR-5-7
   total number installed  GSTR-5-17
New-Video register  GSH-14, GSH-84-85, GST-87-88
newBarColor  GSTR-13-70
NewControl  GSTR-4-9, GSTR-4-24, GSTR-4-70-73, GSTR-11-11, GSTR-25-68
NewDItem  GSTR-6-23, GSTR-6-68-69, PI-134, PI-143
NewHandle  GSTR-12-15, GSTR-12-35-37, GSTR-15-19, IIGS #17, PI-41, PI-43, PI-122, PI-192, PI-211, P16-79
newInvertColor  GSTR-13-70
newItemFailed  GSTR-6-57, GSTR-6-69, GSTR-6-90, GSTR-B-5
NEWLINE  PI-211
NEWLINE call ($11)  P16-137-140
NewList  GSTR-11-19
NewMenu  GSTR-13-8, GSTR-13-16, GSTR-13-21, GSTR-13-67, PI-47, PI-149
NewMenuBar  GSTR-13-68
NewModalDialog  GSTR-6-7, GSTR-6-23, GSTR-6-70-71, PI-142, PI-143
NewModelessDialog  GSTR-6-7, GSTR-6-23, GSTR-6-72-73
newOut Color  GSTR-13-70
NewRgn  GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-74, GSTR-16-113, GSTR-16-153, GSTR-16-181
newValue  GSTR-4-25, GSTR-4-37, GSTR-4-86
NewWindow  GSTR-25-11, GSTR-25-16, GSTR-25-21, GSTR-25-25, GSTR-25-38, GSTR-25-83-88, IIGS #3, #42, PI-109, PI-124
   parameter list  GSTR-25-142, PI-109, PI-121, PI-123
newYork  GSTR-8-4, GSTR-8-51
next changeable location  CTR-205,CTR-208-209, GSF-25, GSF-26
NEXTCOL subroutine  ETR-223
NextMember  GSTR-11-20
nextWavePtr  GSTR-21-17, GSTR-21-37
nextwave_start  IIGS #11
nibble, size of  P16-33
nibbles  CTR-94,CTR-384,CTR-386
NIL  PI-190
NIL handles.  See memory handles
NIRQ  GSF-177, GSF-262
NMI  GSF-177, GSF-178, GSF-259
NMI handler  IIGS #1
nnB command  CTR-156,CTR-170
NNMI  GSF-177, GSF-262
nnn command  CTR-156,CTR-170
nnnN command  CTR-157,CTR-171,CTR-362
noConstraint  GSTR-4-53, GSTR-4-86
noDevice  GSTR-23-15, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
noDevParamErr  GSTR-14-32, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-2
noDisplay  GSTR-22-22, GSTR-22-32
noDOCFndErr  GSTR-21-8, GSTR-21-24, GSTR-21-28, GSTR-21-37, GSTR-B-3
NODRIVE  GSF-156
NoDrive $28 error  CTR-151
noEcho  GSTR-23-46
noFile  GSTR-23-15, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
noHilite  GSTR-4-67, GSTR-4-86
NOINT  GSF-156
non-reentrant system code  GST-70
NONFATAL  GSF-156
NonFatal $50-$7F error  CTR-151
nonreentrant code  GSTR-19-1
nonspecial memory  GSTR-12-3
noPart  GSTR-4-86
noPrintRecord  GSTR-15-49, GSTR-B-5
normal characters  CTR-69,CTR-70,CTR-88-89
NORMAL command  CTR-90,CTR-214,CTR-228, ETR-270-271
Normal command  GSF-39, GSF-44, GSF-63
normal display  CTR-214
normal format  ETR-19-20, ETR-114
normal memory  GSTR-12-3
normal video  GSF-39
noRoom  GSTR-23-15, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
noSAppInitErr  GSTR-21-15, GSTR-21-37, GSTR-B-3
noSelect  GSTR-22-22, GSTR-22-32
noSigTaskErr  GSTR-14-48, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-2
notBaseBit  GSTR-8-12, GSTR-8-50
notBIC  GSTR-16-19, GSTR-16-20, GSTR-16-235, GSTR-16-275
notClosed  GSTR-23-15, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
notCopy  GSTR-16-19, GSTR-16-20, GSTR-16-235, GSTR-16-275
notDiskBit  GSTR-8-9, GSTR-8-50
note alert  GSTR-6-6, PI-135
note icon  GSTR-6-74
Note Sequencer  GSTR-1-4, GSTR-21-1, IIGS #23, PI-178, PI-22, PI-177-l78, GSTR-1-4, GSTR-21-1, IIGS #19, IIGS #23, PI-22, PI-177. See also sound/sound hardware
NoteAlert  GSTR-6-24, GSTR-6-74
notEmptyErr  GSTR-12-41, GSTR-12-42, GSTR-12-47, GSTR-B-2
NotEmptyRect  GSTR-16-182
notEqualChunkiness  GSTR-16-190, GSTR-16-197, GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
noteSynth  GSTR-21-37
noteSynthMode  GSTR-21-36
notForeBIC  GSTR-16-30, GSTR-16-260, GSTR-16-275
notForeCOPY  GSTR-16-30, GSTR-16-260, GSTR-16-275
notForeOR  GSTR-16-30, GSTR-16-260, GSTR-16-275
notForeXOR  GSTR-16-30, GSTR-16-260, GSTR-16-275
notFoundBit  GSTR-8-12, GSTR-8-50
notImplemented  GSTR-16-278
notInitialized  GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
notModalDialog  GSTR-6-65, GSTR-6-67, GSTR-6-90, GSTR-B-5
notOpen  GSTR-23-16, GSTR-23-47, GSTR-B-4
notOR  GSTR-16-19, GSTR-16-20, GSTR-16-235, GSTR-16-275
notSysWindow  GSTR-5-14, GSTR-5-30, GSTR-B-3
notXOR  GSTR-16-19, GSTR-16-20, GSTR-16-235, GSTR-16-275, PI-87
noUnderMItem  GSTR-13-78, GSTR-13-87
NOWRITE  GSF-156
NoWrite $2B error  CTR-150
nP command  CTR-157,CTR-171
NTSC  CTR-86,CTR-96,CTR-97,CTR-257,CTR-270, ETR-16, ETR-25, ETR-173, GSH-13, GSH-58, GSH-66, GSH-82
null event  PI-69, PI-73
null prefix  PI-209
nullEvt  GSTR-7-7, GSTR-7-50, GSTR-25-119, PI-69
numbanks  Memory Expansion Card #1
number of copies  GSTR-15-8
numbers
   device.  See device(s)
   pathname prefix.  See pathname prefixes
numeric keypad  GSF-10, GST-41, GST-42, PI-8
numeric operations  GST-68
numeric spacing  GSTR-16-226
numOfItems  GSTR-13-19, GSTR-13-20, GSTR-13-88
NXTA1  GSF-244
NXTA4  GSF-244
NXTCHAR  GSF-257
NXTCOL  GSF-227
O
O Control-K  CTR-215
O0   (phi 0)  ETR-162-163, ETR-167, ETR-170-172, ETR-180-181
O1   (phi 1)  ETR-162-163, ETR-167, ETR-170-172, ETR-180-181
O2   (phi 2)  ETR-162
object files  GST-101, PI-26, PI-226-229, See file(s)
object module format  GSTR-xGSTR-xvii, P16-70, P16-74, P16-89, P16-187, P16-230, P16-295, PI-xviii, PI-26, PI-198, PI-226, PI-257, PI-296
object segments  PI-230-231, See segment(s); direct page and stack
ObscureCursor  GSTR-16-182
OFFLINE  GSF-156
OffLine $2F error  CTR-151
offset (into color table)  PI-99
offset point  GSTR-4-50
offset/width table  GSTR-16-44, GSTR-16-50-51
offseToMF  GSTR-16-43, GSTR-16-276
OffsetPoly  GSTR-16-183
OffsetRect  GSTR-16-184
OffsetRgn  GSTR-16-185
ok  GSTR-6-89
OK button  GSTR-6-4, GSTR-6-5, GSTR-6-18, GSTR-6-58, PI-132, PI-133, PI-139
okDefault  GSTR-6-89
OLDBRK  GSF-233
OLDIRQ  GSF-233
OLDRST  GSF-255
OMF.  See object module format
one-second interrupt handler  GSTR-14-27-28
oneSecHnd  GSTR-14-68
oneSecInt  GSTR-14-24, GSTR-14-66
online devices.  See device(s)
ON_LINE  IIc #5, ProDOS #8, #21, P16-88
op codes, disassembler  GST-50
opcodes  GSF-56-57, GSF-293-298, GSH-198
OPEN  PI-210, PI-211, PI-213
Open Apple (a)  CTR-4,CTR-52,CTR-81,CTR-200,CTR-221,CTR-222,CTR-358, ETR-11, ETR-13, ETR-228
Open Apple-Control-Reset  CTR-52,CTR-121,CTR-162,CTR-176,CTR-361
OPEN call  CTR-127,CTR-140-141, GSF-5, GSF-131, P16-21, P16-80, P16-151-152, P16-287
   description of  P16-137-138
Open command (File menu)  PI-32
Open File dialog box  GSTR-22-3, GSTR-22-4, GSTR-22-21, GSTR-22-25-26
open routine (NDA)  PI-265
OpenFilter  PI-162, PI-164, PI-218, PI-306
opening files  PI-162, PI-210
OpenNDA  GSTR-5-6, GSTR-5-20, GSTR-25-122, PI-158
OpenPicture  GSTR-15-38, GSTR-17-5, GSTR-17-9, GSTR-17-14
OpenPoly  GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-186
OpenPort  GSTR-16-39, GSTR-16-161, GSTR-16-187, GSTR-25-42, PI-97
OpenRgn  GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-74, GSTR-16-187
OpenWindow  PI-55, PI-120, PI-121, PI-163, PI-305
operating environment  P16-5, P16-52-72, P16-164.See also specific topic
operating speed  GSH-204, GST-3, GST-14-15, GST-84-85
operating system  GSTR-xGSTR-xviii
Operating System Event Manager  (Macintosh)  GST-59, GST-65
operating system(s)
   Apple II
      comparison of  P16-281-288.See also specific operating system or specific topic
      comparison of, calls.  See system calls
      comparison of, default at startup  P16-13
      file compatibility  P16-283-284
         reading DOS 3.3 and Apple II Pascal disks  P16-284
      filing calls  P16-286-287
      history of  P16-281-282
      input/output  P16-285
      interrupt support  P16-288
      memory management  P16-287
      similarity of  P16-285-288
operating system
   calls (typographic convention for)  PI-xxii
operating systems  CTR-214,CTR-328-329, ETR-233-234, GSH-235, GST-82, GST-90, GST-94-95,  PI-xix
   disassembler calls  GST-50
   program environments  summarized  GST-113
   reference manuals  GST-111
   standard I/O links  GST-51-52
operating-environment tool sets  PI-22, PI-180-183
operation codes  GST-13
Option-Left Arrow  GSTR-10-1, GSTR-10-29
Option-Right Arrow  GSTR-10-1, GSTR-10-29
optionKey  GSTR-7-9, GSTR-7-51
options  GSF-304-305
OPTMOUSE  GSF-209
orange320  GSTR-16-275
ORG segment header field  P16-186.See also headers; segment(s)
organization (files)
   block and tree  P16-28
   definition of  P16-253
origin  GSTR-4-8, GSTR-16-16, GSTR-25-29-31, GSTR-25-52, GSTR-25-95, GSTR-25-96, GSTR-25-104, GSTR-25-116
origin mask  GSTR-25-104
origin
   of character  PI-93
   of QuickDraw II coordinate plane  PI-77
   of rectangle  PI-82
original Apple IIe  See differences between original and enhanced Apple IIe
Original IIc  IIc #7
oscillator  GSH-110, GST-25, PI-175-176
   Control registers  GSH-104-106
   Data registers  GSH-106
   Enable register  GSH-103
   Interrupt register  GSH-102
   interrupts  GSH-104, GSH-105
oscillator register  GSTR-21-5
oscillator table  GSTR-21-22, GSTR-21-23
oscillator-to-generator translation table  GSTR-21-5
oscTable  GSTR-21-36
oSecDisable  GSTR-14-24, GSTR-14-67
oSecEnable  GSTR-14-24, GSTR-14-67
OSEventAvail  GSTR-7-42
OSShutdown  IIGS #49, GS/OS #2
osVector  GSTR-14-68
otherIntHnd  GSTR-14-68
outline type style  GSTR-16-258, GSTR-17-1, GSTR-17-3
outlineMask  GSTR-16-276
outOfMemErr  GSTR-14-56, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-2
OUTPORT  GSF-252
output  GSTR-23-46, See I/O
output buffer  GST-37-38
output devices, definition of  P16-42.See also device(s)
output jack  CTR-256
output link  GST-52, GST-53
   redirecting  GSF-64
output parameter  GSTR-2-6
output queue  GST-38
output redirection  IIGS #31
output routines  GSF-76-78, GST-53
output sample rate  GSTR-21-17
output subroutines  CTR-64-70
   C3Out1  CTR-65-67
   COut  CTR-64
   COut1  CTR-65
output text device  GSTR-23-4, GSTR-23-26, GSTR-23-27, GSTR-23-37, GSTR-23-38, GSTR-23-41, GSTR-23-42, GSTR-23-43, GSTR-23-44, GSTR-23-45
outputs
   hand controller  CTR-363-364
   speaker  CTR-82-84
   strobe  CTR-24
   video display  CTR-116-118
   video signal  CTR-270-273
OutQStatus  GSF-96, GSF-103
oval  GSTR-16-23, GSTR-16-89, GSTR-16-95, GSTR-16-102, GSTR-16-165, GSTR-16-189
ovals (QuickDraw II)  PI-87, PI-90
overflow bit  CTR-44
overflow
   stack.  See stack(s)
overheating  ETR-158
overlays  P16-205, PI-233
P
P register  CTR-18,CTR-213, GSF-35
P-machine  Pascal #10
p1AddLine  GSTR-14-64
p1Baud  GSTR-14-64
p1Buffer  GSTR-14-64
p1DCDHndShk  GSTR-14-64
p1DelLine  GSTR-14-64
p1DSRHndShk  GSTR-14-64
p1DtStpBits  GSTR-14-64
p1Echo  GSTR-14-64
p1LineLnth  GSTR-14-64
p1Parity  GSTR-14-64
p1PrntModem  GSTR-14-64
p1XnfHndShk  GSTR-14-64
p2AddLine  GSTR-14-64
p2Baud  GSTR-14-64
p2Buffer  GSTR-14-64
p2DCDHndShk  GSTR-14-64
p2DelLine  GSTR-14-64
p2DSRHndShk  GSTR-14-64
p2DtStpBits  GSTR-14-64
p2Echo  GSTR-14-64
p2LineLnth  GSTR-14-64
p2Parity  GSTR-14-64
p2PrntModem  GSTR-14-64
p2XnfHndShk  GSTR-14-64
package10Err  GSTR-14-56, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-2
package11Err  GSTR-14-56, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-2
package12Err  GSTR-14-56, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-2
package1Err  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
package2Err  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
package3Err  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
package4Err  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
package5Err  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
package6Err  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
package7Err  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
package8Err  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
package9Err  GSTR-14-56, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
PackBytes  GSTR-14-5, GSTR-14-39-41, GSTR-14-42, IIGS #27, PI-182
packet  GSH-127
paddle circuits  IIe #6
paddle read  IIe #6
paddles  CTR-198,CTR-287
page  GSTR-4-5
Page , high-resolution  CTR-95
Page , text  CTR-100
Page 1  CTR-20,CTR-36-38,CTR-50,CTR-269
   double-high-resolution  ETR-79
   high-resolution  CTR-95, ETR-23, ETR-27, ETR-79
   text  CTR-100,CTR-106, ETR-27, ETR-78
Page 1X  CTR-38,CTR-269
Page 2  CTR-20,CTR-39
   switch  CTR-45,CTR-102,CTR-241,CTR-243,CTR-354
   high-resolution  ETR-23, ETR-79
   text  ETR-27, ETR-79
Page 2X  CTR-38,CTR-39
page 3 vectors  ETR-97
page flipping
   Lo-Res graphics  GST-47
page range  GSTR-15-8, GSTR-15-38
page rectangle  GSTR-15-11
page region  GSTR-25-62, GSTR-25-105
page settings, printing  PI-167-168
page setup  GSTR-15-1
Page Setup command (File menu)  PI-32
page zero  ETR-77, ETR-79-81
page
   size of  P16-33, P16-291.See also memory
page-aligned (memory-block attribute)  PI-187
page-aligned memory block  GSTR-2-2, GSTR-12-12, GSTR-12-13
page-down region (scroll bar pan)  PI-126
page-up region (scroll bar part)  PI-126
PAGE2  IIe #3
PAGE2 soft switch  ETR-29, ETR-32, ETR-87, ETR-89, ETR-90
pageDown  GSTR-4-86
pages
   display  CTR-See display pages
   memory  CTR-See memory pages
   reserved memory  ETR-77-81
pageUp  GSTR-4-86
paging region  GSTR-4-5, GSTR-4-8
Paint  PI-52-53
PAINT.PAS  PI-439-442
PaintArc  GSTR-16-188
painting  GSTR-16-20, PI-87, PI-91
PaintIt  PI-52-53, PI-104, PI-170
PaintOval  GSTR-16-189, IIGS #34
PaintPixels  GSTR-16-190-191
PaintPixels parameter block  GSTR-16-191, GSTR-16-277
PaintPoly  GSTR-16-192
PaintRect  GSTR-16-193
PaintRgn  GSTR-16-194
PaintRRect  GSTR-16-195
PAL  CTR-257
PAL device  ETR-5, ETR-167-168
PAL timing chip  IIe #2
palette  GSH-86, GSH-88-90, GSH-93, GSH-264, GST-22-24, GSTR-16-32, GSF-10, PI-7, PI-99-100. See also color palette; color tables
   standard in 320 mode  GSTR-16-35, PI-100
   standard in 640 mode  GSTR-16-36, PI-102
panial pathname  PI-208
papConnNotOpen  GSTR-15-36, GSTR-15-42, GSTR-15-49, GSTR-B-5
paper source  GSTR-15-8
paperType  GSTR-15-12, GSTR-15-13, GSTR-15-48
papReadWriteErr  GSTR-15-36, GSTR-15-42, GSTR-15-49, GSTR-B-5
parallel interface  IIe #7
Parallel Interface Card  IIe #7
param1  GSTR-6-90
param2  GSTR-6-90
parameter blocks  P16-10, P16-81-82, P16-88, P16-100-104
parameter lists (ProDOS 16)  PI-214
parameter(s)  P16-102-104
   blocks.  See parameter blocks
   fields  P16-105
   format  P16-102-103
   length of pointers and handles  P16-106
   order of bytes in a field  P16-103
   order on stack  P16-214
   permissible range of values  P16-103, P16-107
   pointers and  P16-102-103, P16-106
   setting up in memory  P16-103-104
   System Loader  P16-213
   types of  P16-102, P16-213
parameter
   Battery RAM reference numbers  GSTR-14-12
   definition  GSTR-xGSTR-xix
   DragRect  GSTR-4-50-53
   GetAddr reference numbers  GSTR-14-20
   input  GSTR-2-6
   length  GSTR-xxx
   NewControl  GSTR-4-71-73
   output  GSTR-2-6
   passing  GSTR-2-6
   pseudo-type  GSTR-xxx
parameter-list pointer  GST-50
parameter-passing  PI-253 PI-225
paramLenErr  GSTR-25-83, GSTR-25-144, GSTR-B-4
paramLength  GSTR-25-84, GSTR-25-142
ParamText  GSTR-6-24, GSTR-6-75, PI-14 PI-1
parity  GSF-89, GST-34, GST-35
parity bit  CTR-163
parity for SSC  ETR-279
part code  GSTR-4-8, GSTR-4-57, GSTR-4-67, GSTR-4-81, GSTR-4-82, GSTR-4-83, GSTR-4-84, GSTR-6-67, PI-127
parts, standard window  PI-110
Pascal  CTR-56,CTR-68,CTR-72,CTR-124,CTR-169,CTR-330,CTR-332, ETR-xx, ETR-235, ETR-275, GSF-48, GSF-82, GSF-86, GSF-97, GSF-110, GSF-210, GST-62, Pascal #10, #12, #14, #15, PI-65, PI-202, PI-225
Pascal 1.1  GSF-93
   firmware protocol  ETR-68-71, ETR-144, ETR-145-146, IIe #7, Miscellaneous #3, #8, Mouse #5, ProDOS #15
      address locations  GST-36
      SmartPort calls  GST-41
pascal declaration  GST-102
Pascal device driver  GSTR-23-3
Pascal Device Support Tools  Pascal #10
Pascal Operating System  CTR-329, ETR-234
   file system  P16-284
   filing calls  P16-287
   history of  P16-283
   I/O  P16-285
   interrupt support  P16-288
   memory management  P16-287
   reading Pascal disks  P16-284
Pascal string  GSTR-5-3, GSTR-16-26, PI-92, P16-201
Pascal
   and bank-switched memory  ETR-82
   Apple IIGS support  GST-8
   application program  compatibility  GST-39
   compiler for  GST-103
   HodgePodge and  PI-36, PI-413-446
   I/O subroutines  ETR-46
   interrupt support  GST-54
   mouse and  CTR-195
   starting up with  ETR-267-268
   tool calls  GST-63
   video control functions  CTR-117-118
PASCALIO  Pascal #10
pascalType  GSTR-23-46
passive mode, mouse interface  GST-43
paste  GSTR-5-30
Paste command (Edit menu)  PI-32, PI-141, PI-159, PI-161, GSTR-6-44, GSTR-20-1, GSTR-20-6
pasteAction  GSTR-5-7, GSTR-5-30
patches.  See RAM, Apple IIGS
patching  P16-188, P16-196, PI-24, PI-227
pathname prefixes  P16-5, P16-14, P16-19-20, P16-65-69, P16-131
   application  P16-66-67, P16-165, P16-201
   boot  P16-65, P16-67, P16-166
   code numbers of  P16-20
   default  P16-65, P16-131
   initial ProDOS 16 values  P16-66
   introduction to  P16-65-69
   library  P16-66-67, P16-201
   multiple  P16-20
   null  P16-20
   number of characters in  P16-14
   numbers  P16-66-67, P16-81, P16-131, P16-168
   partial pathnames  P16-19
   predefined  P16-65
   ProDOS 8 prefix and pathname conventions  P16-68-69
   samples of  P16-66
   storage of  P16-66
   system (ProDOS 8)  P16-66, P16-69
   values of  P16-67-68
Pathname segment  PI-196
Pathname Table  P16-189, P16-196, P16-200-201, P16-206, P16-227, P16-245
pathname table  PI-196
pathname(s)  P16-7, P16-19-21, P16-65-69, P16-117, P16-199
pathname(s), assigning  P16-21
   full  P16-19, P16-69, P16-201
   length of  P16-20
   number of characters in  P16-14
   partial  P16-19, P16-65, P16-69, P16-168, P16-201, P16-241
   pointers  P16-61, P16-82
   prefixes.  See pathname prefixes
   requirements of  P16-19
   segment  P16-184, P16-199, P16-200, P16-298.See also segment(s)
pathnames  PI-196, PI-208, PI-288
   pointer (QUIT)  PI-202
patSize  GSTR-16-274
pattern  GSTR-16-265
   Note Sequencer  PI-178
   QuickDraw II  PI-85
Pattern Search command  GSF-34, GSF-59
PB0  IIe #9
PB1  IIe #9
PB2  IIe #9
PBR register  GSF-11, GSF-35
PCADJ  GSF-232
Pdl0  CTR-287
Pdl1  CTR-287
pdosBlk0Err  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
pdosFCBErr  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
pdosIntShdwErr  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
pdosUnClmdIntErr  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
pdosVCBErr  GSTR-14-55, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-1
PEEK  CTR-329, Miscellaneous #11
pen  PI-85
pen displacement  GSTR-16-29, GSTR-16-56, GSTR-16-70, GSTR-16-77, GSTR-16-267, GSTR-16-270
pen level  GSTR-16-156, GSTR-16-265
pen location  GSTR-16-17, GSTR-16-18, GSTR-16-22, GSTR-16-26, GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-80, GSTR-16-81, GSTR-16-82, GSTR-16-83, GSTR-16-128, GSTR-16-178, GSTR-16-180, GSTR-16-196
pen location  PI-84, PI-85, PI-92
pen mask  GSTR-16-129, GSTR-16-233
pen mode  GSTR-16-19-20, GSTR-16-22, GSTR-16-130, GSTR-16-234-235, GSTR-16-275, PI-86, PI-173
pen pattern  GSTR-16-18-19, GSTR-16-131, GSTR-16-236, GSTR-16-252, IIGS #6, PI-85
pen size  GSTR-16-18, GSTR-16-22, GSTR-16-132, GSTR-16-237, PI-85
pen state  GSTR-16-133, GSTR-16-196, GSTR-16-238
pen state record  GSTR-16-238
PenNormal  GSTR-16-196
PenState record  GSTR-16-278
period (.)  CTR-206, GSF-26, GSF-27, as Monitor command  ETR-102
peripheral address bus  ETR-192, ETR-194
peripheral cards  GSH-5, GSH-178, GST-28-29, GST-65
   addressing  GSH-179-180
   compatibility on Apple IIGS  GST-29
   Control Panel  GST-46
   conventional positions  GST-28
   device assignment  ETR-145
   Disk II controller card  GST-39-40
   expansion ROM  GST-31
   I/O base addresses  GSH-268
   I/O memory space  ETR-133, ETR-141
   interrupt requests  GST-55
   main memory reserved  locations  GST-32
   memory expansion card  GST-18, GST-78
   memory shadowing  GST-80
   peripheral device driver  routine  GST-30
   programming for  ETR-132-156
   RAM memory locations  GSH-268
   RAM space  ETR-136
   ROM routines  GST-33
   ROM space  ETR-133-135
peripheral data bus  ETR-192
peripheral data bus, differences in Apple II family  ETR-231
peripheral devices.  See device(s)
peripheral expansion slots  GSH-5
peripheral identification numbers  GSH-249-250
peripheral identification numbers (PIN)  CTR-389-390
peripheral interface adapters  GSH-171
peripheral slots  See expansion slots
peripheral-card memory spaces  CTR-352-353
peripheral-card ROM  GST-32
periwinkleBlue  GSTR-16-274
permanent initialization files  PI-266, PI-300
PFI  ProDOS #21
pFileName  GSTR-15-14, GSTR-15-15, GSTR-15-48
PH0  IIe #4
PH1  IIe #4
PH2  IIe #4, IIGS #21
phone jacks  ETR-8, ETR-39
phrase (Note Sequencer)  PI-178
PIC  IIe #7
PicComment  GSTR-17-5, GSTR-17-15
picItem  GSTR-6-10, GSTR-6-12, GSTR-6-88
picSave  GSTR-16-134, GSTR-16-239, GSTR-16-277, GSTR-17-14
picScrap  GSTR-20-4, GSTR-20-19
PICT data format  IIGS #46
pictSCB  IIGS #46
picture  GSTR-16-25, GSTR-17-1, GSTR-17-2-3
picture (QuickDraw II)  PI-92
picture data format  IIGS #46
picture definition  GSTR-17-14
picture element. See pixel  
picture file formats  IIGS #27
picture files
   HodgePodge and  PI-215-217, PI-218
picture windows, HodgePodge and  PI-33, PI-52-53, PI-103-104, PI-305-306
pIdleProc  GSTR-15-14, GSTR-15-15, GSTR-15-24, GSTR-15-48
PInit  GSF-209, GSF-210, GST-36, IIGS #16, CTR-116, ETR-69
pinning  GSTR-9-3
pinouts
   6551  CTR-277
   GLU  CTR-246
   IOU  CTR-243
   IWM  CTR-247
   MMU  CTR-242
   RAM  CTR-251
   ROM  CTR-249,CTR-250
   TMG  CTR-245
   video expansion connector  CTR-272
PinRect  GSTR-25-89-90
pipelining  ETR-161
pixel  GSF-10
pixel  GSTR-16-10-11, GSTR-16-135, GSTR-16-197, GSTR-16-200, GSTR-16-201
pixel image  GSTR-2-2, GSTR-16-9, GSTR-16-12-14, GSTR-16-48, GSTR-17-10, PI-76, PI-103-104, PI-112, PI-171, PI-286
pixel, region  GSTR-16-190
pixels  GSH-81-82, GSH-89-90, GSH-93, GST-22, IIe #3, PI-77, PI-79
   640 graphics mode  GST-23-24
   aspect ratios  GST-61
   background  GSTR-16-28, GSTR-16-30, PI-93
   chunky  GSTR-16-31
   defined  PI-79, PI-7
   foreground  GSTR-16-27, GSTR-16-30, PI-93
   relation to coordinate plane locations  PI-78
   shape of  PI-77, PI-90, PI-284
place-holding character  GSTR-5-8
plain-styled characters  PI-95
plane  GSTR-25-8
plane (window)  PI-113, PI-136
PLOT  GSF-79, GSF-225, CTR-112,CTR-114, ETR-67, ETR-223
PLOT1  GSF-225
plotter output port  GST-34
plus sign (+)  GSF-71, GSF-72
PMBootInit  GSTR-15-25
PMReset  GSTR-15-28
PMShutDown  GSTR-15-19, GSTR-15-27, PI-58
PMStartUp  GSTR-15-19, GSTR-15-26, PI-46
PMStatus  GSTR-15-28
PMVersion  GSTR-15-27
pnStateSize  GSTR-16-274
point  GSTR-xxx, GSTR-8-4, GSTR-16-11-12, GSTR-16-21-22, GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-68, GSTR-16-85, GSTR-16-135, GSTR-16-154, GSTR-16-175, GSTR-16-199, GSTR-16-200, GSTR-16-201, GSTR-16-207, GSTR-16-268, GSTR-25-89, PI-88-89
point (typesetting)  PI-95
POINTER  GSTR-xxx
pointer(s)  P16-26, P16-38-39.See also EOF; Mark; memory handles, PI-189-190
   definition of  P16-102, P16-214
   fields.  See fields
   length of (parameter fields)  P16-106
   master  P16-38
   order of bytes  P16-256
   parameter block  P16-38-39, P16-82
   pathname  P16-61, P16-83
pointing device  GSTR-7-21-25, GSTR-7-27, GSTR-7-34, GSTR-14-5, PI-10, PI-71
POKE  CTR-329, Mouse #6, ETR-271-272
Poll Device command  GSF-195
polling of devices  GST-70
polling, Apple Desktop Bus  GSTR-3-3
polyAlreadyOpen  GSTR-16-186, GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
polygon  GSTR-16-24-25, GSTR-16-40, GSTR-16-72, GSTR-16-90, GSTR-16-96, GSTR-16-103, GSTR-16-166, GSTR-16-170, GSTR-16-174, GSTR-16-183, GSTR-16-186, GSTR-16-192, PI-87, PI-96
polyNotOpen  GSTR-16-72, GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
polySave  GSTR-16-136, GSTR-16-240, GSTR-16-277
polyTooBig  GSTR-16-278, GSTR-B-3
port  IIGS #36
port (printer)  PI-166
port (QuickDraw II).  See graphic ports; GrafPort
port driver  GSTR-15-24, GSTR-15-43, IIGS #36
port numbers  P16-7
port rectangle  GSTR-16-14-15, GSTR-16-16, GSTR-16-139, GSTR-16-179, GSTR-16-208, GSTR-16-232, GSTR-16-243, GSTR-16-244, GSTR-25-17, GSTR-25-77, GSTR-25-82, GSTR-25-115, PI-81-82, PI-83, PI-103, PI-108, PI-120
port. See GrafPort  
Portable C Compiler  GST-102
portNotOn  GSTR-15-30, GSTR-15-31, GSTR-15-36, GSTR-15-39, GSTR-15-40, GSTR-15-42, GSTR-15-49, GSTR-B-5
portrait mode  GSTR-15-6
portRect field  GSTR-16-14, GSTR-16-15
PortRef  IIGS #34
ports 1 and 2
   Apple II  GST-34
   AppleTalk connection  GST-38
   configuration  GST-33
   interrupts  GST-55
ports
   characteristics  CTR-71
   communication  P16-9, P16-43
   disk  P16-xix, P16-45
   disk I/O  CTR-120-121
   entry points  CTR-71
   I/O  CTR-71-74
   mouse  CTR-186,CTR-325
   printer  CTR-156-157
   ROM space  CTR-73
   screen hole RAM space  CTR-74
   serial  CTR-275, P16-xix
   serial port 1  CTR-22,CTR-154-165
   serial port 2  CTR-22,CTR-38,CTR-167-184
   video output  CTR-86
portSCB  GSTR-16-13, GSTR-16-277, PI-80
portSize  GSTR-16-274
posCtl  GSTR-4-25, GSTR-4-86
position-independent code/segments  PI-188, PI-195, PI-196, PI-197
position-independent programs  GST-62
POSMOUSE  GSF-209, GSF-211, GSF-213, GSTR-14-33, Mouse #1, #3, CTR-193
PostEvent  GSTR-7-14, GSTR-7-43-44
power connector  ETR-160, GSH-193, CTR-234-235
power converter, specifications  CTR-234
power light  CTR-3,CTR-7
power supply  CTR-11-12, ETR-4, ETR-159-160
   specifications  CTR-233,CTR-383
power-on reset  CTR-50
power2  Memory Expansion Card #1
POWERUP  IIGS #49
powerup  Memory Expansion Card #1
pPrPort  GSTR-15-41, GSTR-15-48
PPToPort  GSTR-16-197-198, PI-103, PI-104, PI-118
PQUIT  P16-56, P16-59-62.See also QUIT call
   ProDOS 16 QUIT call  P16-61
   ProDOS 8 QUIT calls, standard and enhanced  P16-60
PR# command  ETR-115
PR#0 command  CTR-198
PR#1 command  CTR-155,CTR-159,CTR-162,CTR-181
PR#2 command  CTR-169,CTR-171,CTR-172,CTR-179,CTR-181,CTR-183,CTR-184
PR#3 command  CTR-90,CTR-196
PR#4 command  CTR-196,CTR-198
PR#7 command  CTR-328
PR#n command  CTR-57, GST-52
PRA1  GSF-248
prAbort  GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-34, GSTR-15-44, GSTR-15-47
PRBL2  GSF-79, GSF-231, CTR-112,CTR-114, ETR-67, ETR-224
PRBLNK  GSF-231, ETR-224
PRBYTE  GSF-79, GSF-248, CTR-112,CTR-115, ETR-67, ETR-224
PrChoosePrinter  GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-29
PrChooser  PI-167
PrCloseDoc  GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-21, GSTR-15-30, GSTR-15-36, GSTR-15-40, PI-170, PI-172
PrClosePage  GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-21, GSTR-15-31, GSTR-15-38, PI-170, PI-172
PrDefault  GSTR-15-19, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-46, PI-41
PrDriverVer  GSTR-15-33
PRead  GSF-209, GSF-210, GSF-235, GST-36, IIe #6, CTR-116,CTR-201, ETR-43, ETR-69, ETR-224
PREAD4  GSF-235
prefix numbers  PI-208-209
prefixes  PI-208-210, PI-288
   initial values  PI-210
   pathname.  See pathname prefixes
PRERR  GSF-253, CTR-112,CTR-115, ETR-67, ETR-224
PrError  GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-30, GSTR-15-34
prestyled fonts  GSTR-8-5-6, GSTR-16-43
PRHEX  GSF-79, GSF-248, CTR-112,CTR-11, ETR-68, ETR-224
primary character set  CTR-69,CTR-70,CTR-88,CTR-359, ETR-19-20, ETR-228
primitive object drawing  GST-64
prInfo  GSTR-15-10, GSTR-15-11, GSTR-15-47
Print  GSTR-15-1
Print command (File menu)  PI-32
Print Manager  GST-59, GST-69, GSTR-1-4, GSTR-1-11, GSTR-15-1-50, IIGS #35, #36, #38, PI-21, PI-64, PI-76, PI-166-173, PI-289
   constants  GSTR-15-47
   data structures  GSTR-15-47-48
   error codes  GSTR-15-49
   shutdown routine  GSTR-15-27
   startup routine  GSTR-15-26
   status routine  GSTR-15-28
   using  GSTR-15-19-22
   version number routine  GSTR-15-27
print record  GSTR-15-9-15, GSTR-15-19, GSTR-15-32, GSTR-15-46, PI-171
print spoolers  P16-83
PRINT.ASM  PI-367-370
PRINT.CC  PI-409-410
PRINT.PAS  PI-437-438
printer  GSH-150, GSH-173
PRINTER command  CTR-155, ETR-115, GSF-40
printer driver  GSTR-15-1, GSTR-15-23, GSTR-15-33, IIGS #35
printer effects choice  GSTR-15-6
printer error code  GSTR-15-34, GSTR-15-44, GSTR-15-49
printer information subrecord  GSTR-15-11
printer interface  IIGS #36
printer interface cards  GST-28
printer mode  GSF-83
   command character  GSF-87
   commands  GSF-88-90
printer names dialog box  GSTR-15-5
printer output port  GST-34
printer paper  GSTR-15-5
printer port  GSF-300
   commands  CTR-156-157
printer status record  GSTR-15-41
printer style subrecord  GSTR-15-12-13
printers  GST-46, P16-9, P16-43
printing  IIGS #16, #35, #36, ImageWriter #1, PI-166-173
printing loop  GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-34, loop  PI-172
printing tools  GST-69
printing
   background procedure  PI-173
   choosing a printer  PI-166-167
   color  GSTR-15-15-18
   draft  GSTR-15-14-15, GSTR-15-23, GSTR-15-37, draft  PI-171
printing, errors  PI-172
   GrafPort  PI-170
   page settings, making  PI-167-168
   printing loop  PI-172
   QuickDraw II and  PI-170, PI-172, PI-173
   spool  GSTR-15-14-15, GSTR-15-23, GSTR-15-37, GSTR-15-40, PI-172
private memory  GSTR-12-11, GSTR-12-14
private scrap  GSTR-20-5-6, PI-161
prJob  GSTR-15-10, GSTR-15-47
PrJobDialog  GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-21, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-35, GSTR-15-46, PI-170
PRNTAX  GSF-79, GSF-230, CTR-113,CTR-115, ETR-68, ETR-224
PRNTX  GSF-231
PRNTYX  GSF-230
PRO16MLI  GSF-274
processor status register  CTR-18,CTR-213, P16-64, P16-105
processor status
   changing  GSF-61
   register  GSF-37
   system interrupt handler  GSF-181
ProDOS  CTR-51,CTR-57,CTR-124,CTR-155,CTR-169,CTR-204,CTR-214,CTR-312,CTR-328,CTR-332, ETR-105, ETR-141, ETR-233, GSF-43, GSF-70, GSF-110, GSF-114, GSF-115, GSF-130, GSH-143, GSH-235, GST-6, GSTR-5-, P16-xxi, P16-282.See also operating system(s); ProDOS 8; ProDOS 16
ProDOS 1.0  GST-94
ProDOS 16  GSF-117, GSF-220, GST-82, GST-90, GSTR-xGSTR-xviii, GSTR-5-7, GSTR-5-18, GSTR-5-19, GSTR-12-1, GSTR-12-14, P16-xxi, P16-4-15.See also manuals; operating system(s) or specific topic, PI-xix, PI-10, PI-199, PI-200-202, PI-257-259, PI-260
ProDOS 16 Exerciser.  See Exerciser
ProDOS 16
   adding routines to  P16-94-97
   APW Shell  GST-103
   bypassing  P16-6
   cold-start routine  GST-97
   compared to Macintosh file system  PI-287-288
   compared to ProDOS 8  PI-291, PI-296, GST-94-95
   description of  P16-xxi, P16-4-15
   direct-page/stack segment, default  PI-206
   errors  P16-302-309.See also errors
   Exerciser  PI-253-254
   external devices and  P16-42-49
   fixed locations  P16-65
   history of  P16-283
   interface to  P16-89
   interrupt handling  PI-271-272
   introduction to  P16-4-15
   memory and  P16-xviii, P16-32-40
   memory map  P16-35
   new system calls  P16-12
   operating system calls  GST-50
   parameter lists  PI-214
   prefixes  PI-208-210
   ProDOS 8 and.  See ProDOS 8 and ProDOS 16
   QUIT call  PI-58, PI-202
   shell applications and  PI-262
   summary of features  P16-13-15
   system calls.  See system calls
   System Loader  GST-60
   version number  P16-171
ProDOS 8  GSF-117, GSF-220, GST-82, GST-90, P16-xviii, P16-5, P16-9-13, P16-52, P16-60-61, P16-170.See also manuals; operating system(s), PI-xix, PI-9, PI-207, PI-257, PI-290
ProDOS 8 and ProDOS16  P16-9-10, P16-86-89, P16-105-106
   call methods compared  P16-105-106
   calls, converting  P16-88
   compilation/assembly  P16-89
   downward compatibility  P16-11
   eliminated ProDOS 8 system calls  P16-11
   hardware configuration  P16-87
   interrupt handlers, modifying  P16-88
   memory management  P16-86
   new ProDOS 16 system calls  P16-11
   revising applications  P16-86-89
   stack and zero page, converting  P16-88
   upward compatibility  P16-10-11
ProDOS 8
   /RAM5  GST-79
   applications, memory banks for  P16-33
   binary files  P16-12, P16-224, P16-283
   cold-start routine  GST-97
   compared with ProDOS 16  GST-94-95
   description of  P16-xxi, P16-4
   desk accessories  GST-89
   display shadowing  GST-86
   enhanced QUIT call  P16-60-61
   file system  P16-283
   filing calls  P16-286
   global page  P16-10, P16-36, P16-79-80
   global page  PI-292, PI-296
   history of  P16-282
   I/O  P16-285
   interrupt support  P16-288
   loading  P16-166
   memory and  P16-34, P16-86-87
   on an Apple IIGS vs. other Apple II computers  P16-5
   operating system calls  GST-50
   pathname of current application  P16-69
   prefix  P16-68-69
   ProDOS 16 compared to  PI-291, PI-296
   ProDOS 16 QUIT call and  PI-202
   quit type  P16-60
   standard QUIT call  P16-60-61
   system calls  P16-9-11,105
   system disk  P16-56
   system file  P16-12, P16-58, P16-182, P16-224
   system prefix  P16-66, P16-68
   system program  P16-12, P16-58, P16-182, P16-224
   unit (device) number  P16-84
ProDOS busy flag.  See busy flag
ProDOS devices  Miscellaneous #8, ProDOS #3, #21
PRODOS file  P16-53, P16-55, P16-56-58
ProDOS file system  PI-xix, PI-207-218
ProDOS Filing Interface  ProDOS #21
ProDOS is busy error.  See errors
ProDOS MLI  ProDOS #16, #20
ProDOS,
   calls to real-time clock  GST-26
   interrupt support  ETR-148-149
   interrupt support  GST-54
   Machine Language Interface  CTR-125
   starting up with  ETR-268
   use of page 3  ETR-78
   use of page zero  ETR-81
proDOSVctr  GSTR-14-68
ProFile hard disk  ETR-xxii
program bank register  GSF-17, GSF-35, GSH-203, GST-13, GST-14, GST-83, PI-293
   system interrupt handler  GSF-181
   See registers
program code execution, Monitor  instructions  GST-48
program counter  GSF-51, GSH-203, CTR-18
program counter register.  See registers
   65816  registers  GST-14
program descriptions (APW)  PI-221-224
program development environment
   Apple Programmer's Workshop  (APW)  GST-103-105
   environment options  GST-82-88
   environments summarized  GST-89-90
   languages  GST-101-103
   mixing environments  GST-88-89
   modularity  GST-100-101
program launcher  PI-201
program operation levels  GSF-4
program register, changing  GSF-61
program segmentation  GST-62, GST-100
program selector  PI-201
Program Status register  GSH-201-203
program status, 65816  registers  GST-14
Programmed Array Logic (PAL) device  ETR-5, ETR-167-168
Programmer's Workshop  See  Apple IIGS Programmer's  Workshop
programming  P16-xix, P16-74-91.See also specific topic
programming examples  See also HodgePodge or specifc routine
   assembly language  PI-190, PI-193, PI-239-246, PI-263, PI-265, PI-311-376
   C  PI-190, PI-377-412
   classic desk accessory  PI-263
   dynamic-segment  PI-245
   multiple-segment  PI-241-245
   new desk accessory  PI-265
   single-segment  PI-240-241
programming languages  GST-8-9, GST-101-103
   reference manuals  GST-110
   absolute vs. relocatable segments  PI-24, PI-227
   applications  PI-26, PI-228-229, PI-256-259
   assembly language  PI-4, PI-280-284, PI-290
   auxlD field  PI-193
   control-related events  PI-129
   controlling programs  PI-259-260
   cutting and pasting  PI-160-161
   desk accessories  PI-262-265
   desktop  PI-10
   dialogs and alerts  PI-141
   Edit menu  PI-161
   error testing  PI-277
   event handling  PI-70
   event-driven  PI-13-16, PI-51
   file types  PI-255-274
   general  PI-xvii, PI-11, PI-277
   high-level languages  PI-282-283, PI-290
   HodgePodge, using  PI-34-36, PI-276
   hybrid applications  PI-292-293
   initialization files  PI-266
   interaaive  PI-13, PI-14
   interrupt handlers  PI-270, PI-271-272
   language considerations  PI-225
   load-segment characteristics  PI-232
   loading programs  PI-199
   loading segments  PI-198
   Macintosh program conversions  PI-282-289
   math computing  PI-178-180
   memory allocation  PI-191-194
   menu modification  PI-154-155
   menu organization  PI-149
   object module format and  PI-26
   parameter-passing  PI-225
   Print Manager  PI-171-173
   restartability and C  PI-259
   segmentation  PI-23-25, PI-219-254
   shell applications  PI-261-262
   standard Apple II program enhancement  PI-290-297
   static vs. dynamic segments  PI-25, PI-232-235
   System Loader  PI-195
   TaskMaster and  PI-75
   tool sets  PI-18, PI-62, PI-272-274
   window drawing  PI-103-106, PI-115-116
   window origin, resetting  PI-120
   window-related events  PI-113-120
programming
   application requirements  P16-74
   direct page and stack.  See direct page and stack
   event-driven  P16-xix
   levels in Apple IIGS  P16-5-7
   segmented  P16-xix
   suggestions for  P16-74-91
   System Loader  P16-203-210
   system resource management  P16-79-84
programs.  See application(s); controlling programs; static programs
PROM, slot space  GST-30-31
PROMPT  GSF-247
prompt  GSF-74
prompt character
   (!)  GSF-52, GSF-74
   (*)  GSF-20, GSF-26, GSF-74
   (>)  GSF-74
   (?)  GSF-74
   (])  GSF-74
prompt characters  CTR-59, ETR-60, GST-53
   mini-assembler (!)  GST-50
   Monitor (*)  GST-48
PrOpenDoc  GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-21, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-36-37, GSTR-15-40, PI-170, PI-172
PrOpenPage  GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-21, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-38-39, PI-170, PI-172
proportional scroll bars  GSTR-25-10
proportionally spaced font  GSTR-16-226
Protocol Converter  CTR-124, GST-40-41
PrPicFile  GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-30, GSTR-15-40-41, PI-170, PI-172
PrPixelMap  GSTR-15-42
PrPortVer  GSTR-15-43
PrSetError  GSTR-15-21, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-44
prStl  GSTR-15-10, GSTR-15-12, GSTR-15-47
PrStlDialog  GSTR-15-20, GSTR-15-21, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-45, GSTR-15-46, PI-169
PrValidate  GSTR-15-19, GSTR-15-21, GSTR-15-22, GSTR-15-35, GSTR-15-45, GSTR-15-46
prVersion  GSTR-15-10, GSTR-15-47
pseudo-device  ProDOS #21
pseudo-type  GSTR-xxx
pseudorandom numbers  GSTR-16-202
pseudoregisters  GSF-8, GSF-16
psInstDiskErr  GSTR-14-56, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-2
psPnMask  GSTR-16-238, GSTR-16-278
psPnMode  GSTR-16-238, GSTR-16-278
psPnPat  GSTR-16-238, GSTR-16-278
psPnSize  GSTR-16-238, GSTR-16-278
PStatus  GSF-209, GSF-210, GST-36, CTR-118, ETR-71
Pt2Rect  GSTR-16-199
PtInRect  GSTR-16-200
PtInRgn  GSTR-16-201
PTrig switch  CTR-190
ptrToDestLocInfo  GSTR-16-191, GSTR-16-277
ptrToDestPoint  GSTR-16-191, GSTR-16-277
PtrToHand  GSTR-12-38
ptrToPiximage  GSTR-16-13, GSTR-16-277, PI-80
ptrToSourceLocInfo  GSTR-16-191, GSTR-16-277
ptrToSourceRect  GSTR-16-191, GSTR-16-277
public scrap type  GSTR-20-4
publications.  See manuals
pull-down menu  GSTR-1-3, GSTR-13-1, See menus
purge block  GSTR-12-8, GSTR-12-9, GSTR-12-15, GSTR-12-44, GSTR-12-45, GSTR-24-25, PI-187, PI-195, P16-37, P16-77-78, P16-185-186, P16-231
purgeable block  GSTR-12-39, GSTR-12-40
purgeable memory blocks  PI-194, PI-233
purgeable segments.  See segment(s)
PurgeAll  GSTR-12-11, GSTR-12-39
purgeBit  GSTR-8-9, GSTR-8-10, GSTR-8-50
purgeErr  GSTR-12-39, GSTR-12-40, GSTR-12-47, GSTR-B-2
PurgeHandle  GSTR-12-40
purging  PI-190, PI-194, PI-195, PI-197, PI-200
purple320  GSTR-16-274
PutScrap  GSTR-20-5, GSTR-20-6, GSTR-20-11, GSTR-20-16, GSTR-20-18
PWREDUP  GSF-259
PWrite  GSF-209, GSF-210, GST-36, IIGS #16, CTR-117, ETR-69
PWRUP  GSF-234
Q
Q command  CTR-171
Q register  GSF-36
Q3 signal  ETR-163
QDAuxBootInit  GSTR-17-6
QDAuxReset  GSTR-17-8
QDAuxShutDown  GSTR-17-5, GSTR-17-7, PI-58
QDAuxStartUp  GSTR-17-5, GSTR-17-6, PI-45
QDAuxStatus  GSTR-17-8
QDAuxversion  GSTR-17-7
QDBootInit  GSTR-16-63
QDReset  GSTR-16-67
QDShutDown  GSTR-16-39, GSTR-16-66, PI-58
QDStartUp  GSTR-2-2, GSTR-16-39, GSTR-16-59, GSTR-16-61, GSTR-16-64-65, GSTR-16-275, PI-43
QDStatus  GSTR-16-67
QDVersion  GSTR-16-66
qSecDisable  GSTR-14-26, GSTR-14-67
qSecEnable  GSTR-14-26, GSTR-14-67
qSecIntHnd  GSTR-14-68
Quagmire register  GSF-16, GSF-36
Quagmire state, changing  GSF-62
quarter-second interrupt handler  GSTR-14-28-29
quarter-second timer interrupts  GSF-180
quartSecInt  GSTR-14-24, GSTR-14-66
question mark (?)  CTR-59, GSF-74
question mark (?) as prompt character  ETR-62
question mark (?), blinking  CTR-169,CTR-179
queue  GST-38
queueDmgdErr  GSTR-14-48, GSTR-14-52, GSTR-14-70, GSTR-B-2
QuickDraw (Macintosh)  GST-59, GST-60, PI-136, PI-286-287
QuickDraw II  GST-59, GST-64-65, GSTR-1-3, GSTR-1-11-14, GSTR-2-2, GSTR-16-1-278, IIGS #34, PI-20, PI-42, PI-63, PI-75-106, PI-170. See also specific topic
QuickDraw II Auxiliary  GSTR-1-4, GSTR-1-14, GSTR-2-4, GSTR-8-5, GSTR-8-14, GSTR-10-44, GSTR-13-83, GSTR-16-258, GSTR-17-1-16, GSTR-C-6, Auxiliary  PI-20, PI-75
   shutdown routine  GSTR-17-7
   startup routine  GSTR-17-6
   status routine  GSTR-17-8
   using  GSTR-17-5
   version number routine  GSTR-17-7
QuickDraw II
   black and white drawing  PI-103
   color  PI-98-103
   constants  GSTR-16-274-276
   coordinates  PI-77, PI-82
   data structures  GSTR-16-276-278
   display shadowing  GST-87
   error codes  GSTR-16-278
   how it draws  PI-85-88
   limits to drawing  PI-77
   Macintosh QuickDraw, relation to  PI-75, PI-77, PI-79, PI-28~287
   pattern  PI-85
   printing and  PI-170, PI-172, PI-173
   shutdown routine  GSTR-16-66
   startup routine  GSTR-16-64-65
   status routine  GSTR-16-67
   text drawing  PI-92-97
   tools for Super Hi-Res  graphics  GST-60-61
   using  GSTR-16-39-40
   version number routine  GSTR-16-66
   what it draws  PI-88-92
   where it draws  PI-76-84
quit  GSF-306
QUIT  IIGS #49, ProDOS #7, #14, PI-58, PI-199, PI-20~202, PI-260, PI-261-262
QUIT call (ProDOS 16)  P16-15, P16-59-61, P16-69, P16-74, P16-77, P16-82, P16-207, P16-209-210, P16-245.See also PQUIT
   description of  P16-167-170
   return flag parameter  P16-61, P16-82
   standard and enhanced  P16-60-61
Quit command  GST-37
Quit command (Exerciser)  P16-294
Quit command (File menu)  PI-32, PI-58
quit flag  P16-245
Quit Monitor command  GSF-43, GSF-65
QUIT procedure  P16-62.See also QUIT call
quit return stack  P16-167.See also stack(s), PI-201
quit type (ProDOS 8)  P16-60
QUIT
   flag word  PI-202
   in high-level languages  PI-201
   pathname pointer  PI-202
quitting applications.  See application(s)
Quitting Interpreter conventions  ProDOS #7
quotation mark (")  GSF-34, GSF-52
R
R command  CTR-157,CTR-171, GSF-90
R/W*  IIe #4
R/W* line  IIe #2
R/W80 signal  ETR-197
radio button  GSTR-4-4, GSTR-4-10, GSTR-4-18, PI-125, PI-128
   control record  GSTR-4-18-20
radio-frequency modulator  ETR-7, GSH-58
radioButton  GSTR-4-86
radioItem  GSTR-6-10, GSTR-6-88
radioProc  GSTR-4-13, GSTR-4-19, GSTR-4-73, GSTR-4-85
radNor  GSTR-4-20, GSTR-4-88
radReserved  GSTR-4-20, GSTR-4-88
radSel  GSTR-4-20, GSTR-4-88
radTitle  GSTR-4-20, GSTR-4-88
RAM  CTR-13, PI-6, PI-9, PI-18. See also memory
RAM (Apple IIc or IIe)  P16-34
RAM (Apple IIGS)  P16-32.See also memory
   fixed entry points in  P16-35
   I/O space in  P16-33
   patches to ROM-based tool sets  P16-52-53
   specialized areas in  P16-33
   tool sets  P16-33, P16-52
RAM addresses  CTR-22,CTR-351
   multiplexing  CTR-252
/RAM  ProDOS #8, #16, #18, #21
/RAM5  GST-40, GST-79
RAM card  IIc #5
RAM chips  GST-18
RAM disk  GSF-17, GSF-110, GSF-114, GSF-117, GSF-234, GSF-303, GST-40, IIc #5, Memory Expansion Card #1, ProDOS #8, P16-43
RAM expansion  PI-5
RAM memory. See memory  
RAM patches (tool sets)  PI-43, PI-293
RAM tool set  GSTR-1-1, GSTR-2-3
RAM upgrade  ETR-xxiii
RAM
   addressing  CTR-251-253, ETR-139, ETR-169-172
   allocation  ETR-76-81
   Apple II  GST-74
   Apple IIGS specifications  GST-3
   auxiliary  CTR-22,CTR-184, ETR-86-88
   battery backed-up  GST-65
   clock rate of programs in  RAM  GST-14
   expansion  GST-15
   expansion card  GST-17, GST-18
   Fast Processor Interface  (FPI)  GST-75, GST-77
   I/O links  GST-51
   language-card memory  GST-17
   main  CTR-22
   memory expansion card  CTR-123
   memory maps  GST-78-80
   peripheral-card  CTR-353
   port screen hole  CTR-74
   program execution speed  GST-84
   prompt character storage  GST-53
   refreshing  CTR-251-252
   resident desk accessories  GST-46
   slot RAM space  GST-32-33
   Smartport  CTR-126
   Sound Manager  GST-69
   sound sample storage  GST-24
   space for peripheral cards  ETR-136
   text window values storage  GST-53
   timing  CTR-252-253, ETR-172
   tool sets in  GST-7, GST-63
   Toolbox routines  GST-58
RAM-based device driver  GSTR-23-1, GSTR-23-4
RAM-based driver  ProDOS #21
RAM-based tool set  GSTR-24-3
RAM-based tool sets  PI-43, PI-63
ramBased  GSTR-23-46
RAMRD  IIe #3
RAMRD soft switch  ETR-88-90, CTR-39,CTR-44,CTR-242
RAMWRT  IIe #3
RAMWRT soft switch  ETR-88-90, CTR-39,CTR-44,CTR-242
Random  GSTR-16-202, GSTR-16-246
random number generator  ETR-59, GSTR-16-246, GSF-72
range mode  GSTR-11-12
rcADBAddr  GSTR-3-29
rcLayoutOrLang  GSTR-3-29
rcRepeatDelay  GSTR-3-29
Rd63 switch  CTR-190
RD80COL soft switch  ETR-29
Rd80Col switch  CTR-102
RD80STORE soft switch  ETR-29, CTR-45,CTR-102
RdAddr  GSF-146
RDALTCHAR soft switch  ETR-29
RdAltChar switch  CTR-102
RDALTZP soft switch  ETR-84, CTR-28
RDBNK2 soft switch  ETR-84, CTR-28
RdBtn0 switch  CTR-190
RDCHAR  GSF-246
RdChar routine  CTR-82, ETR-224
RDDHIRES soft switch  ETR-30, CTR-46,CTR-103
RDHIRES soft switch  ETR-30, CTR-45,CTR-103
RDIOUDIS soft switch  ETR-30, CTR-46,CTR-103,CTR-189
RDKEY  GSF-70, GSF-71, GSF-79, GSF-244, CTR-58,CTR-78,CTR-341, GST-53, ETR-47, ETR-58, ETR-59, ETR-225, ETR-269
RDKEY1  GSF-245
RDLCRAM soft switch  ETR-84, CTR-28
rdMaxRam  GSTR-14-65
rdMinRam  GSTR-14-65
RDMIXED soft switch  ETR-29
RdMIXED switch  CTR-102
RDPAGE2 soft switch  ETR-29
RdPage2 switch  CTR-45,CTR-102
RdRAMRd switch  CTR-39
RdRAMWrt switch  CTR-39
RDTEXT soft switch  ETR-29, CTR-102
RdVBlMsk switch  CTR-190
RdX0Edge switch  CTR-189
RdXYMsk switch  CTR-189
RDY line  IIe #4
RdY0Edge switch  CTR-190
READ  GSF-253, PI-211, ProDOS #17, UniDisk 3.5 #4
Read Address Field  GSF-139
Read and Clear Error Byte command  GSF-192
Read Available Character Sets command  GSF-193
Read Available Keyboard Layouts command  GSF-193
READ BLOCK call  CTR-126,CTR-132-133
READ call  CTR-127, GSF-132-133, P16-24, P16-42, P16-44, P16-85, P16-139
   description of  P16-141-142
Read Configuration Bytes command  GSF-192
Read Microcontroller Memory command  GSF-191
Read Modes Byte command  GSF-191
read next  GSTR-21-23, GSTR-21-33
Read RAM  GSTR-21-23, GSTR-21-31
Read Register  GSTR-21-23, GSTR-21-29
READ subroutine  ETR-40, ETR-225
READ tape command  ETR-113-114
read-only memory  GSF-20
read/write Data register  GSH-150
ReadAbs  GSTR-3-16
readADBError  GSTR-3-17, GSTR-3-28
1    X-Ref Glossary   4/14/89

4/14/89   X-Ref Glossary   1


Glossary

128K AppleII:  Any standard AppleII with both main and auxiliary 64K banks of RAM. That includes all models of the AppleIIc and some models of the AppleIIe, including those with the Extended 80-Column Text Card installed. The AppleIIGS is not a 128K AppleII in the strict sense, even though it includes both 64K banks of RAM and is capable of running programs designed for a 128K AppleII.  (GSH, GST)
320 mode:  An Apple IIGS video display mode, 320 pixels horizontally by 200 pixels vertically.  (GSTR)
640 mode:  An Apple IIGS video display mode, 640 pixels horizontally by 200 pixels vertically.  (GSTR)
64K AppleII:  Any standard AppleII that has at least 64K of RAM. That includes the AppleIIc, the AppleIIe, and an AppleII or AppleII Plus with 48K of RAM and the Apple Language Card installed.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
6502:  The microprocessor used in the AppleII, in the AppleIIPlus, and in early models of the AppleIIe. The 6502 is an MOS device with 8-bit data registers and 16-bit address registers.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
65816 assembly language:  A low-level programming language written for the 65816 family of microprocessors.  (GSTR)
65C02:  A CMOS version of the 6502; the microprocessor used in the enhanced AppleIIe, the extended keyboard IIe, and the AppleIIc.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
65C816:  The microprocessor used in the AppleIIGS. The 65C816 is a CMOS device with  16-bit data registers and 24-bit address registers.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR)
68000:  The microprocessor used in the Macintosh and Macintosh Plus. The 68000 has 32-bit data and address registers.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR)
80-column text card:  A peripheral card that allows the AppleII, AppleII Plus, and AppleIIe computers to display text in 80 columns (in addition to the standard 40 columns).  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
80/40-column switch:  A switch that controls the maximum number of columns or characters across the screen. A television can legibly display a maximum of 40 characters across the screen, whereas a video monitor can display 80 characters.  (CTR, ETR)
A register:  See accumulator.  (GSTR, PI)
absolute:  Characteristic of a load segment or other program code that must be loaded at a specific address in memory and never moved.  Compare relocatable, position-independent.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
absolute addressing:  An addressing mode in which instruction operands are interpreted as literal addresses.  (GSTR, PI)
absolute clamps:  Values that establish the minimum and maximum X and Y coordinates for alternative pointing devices.  (GSTR)
access (or access byte):  An attribute of a ProDOS file that controls whether the file may be read from, written to, renamed, or backed up.  (GSTR, PI)
access byte:  An attribute of a ProDOS 16 file that determines what types of operations, such as reading or writing, may be performed on the file.  (P16)
accumulator:  The register in a computer's central processor or microprocessor where most computations are performed. Also called A register.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
ACIA:  Abbreviation for Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter, a type of communications IC used in some Apple computers. An ACIA converts data from parallel to serial form and vice versa. It handles serial transmission and reception and RS-232-C signals under the control of its internal registers, which can be set and changed by firmware or software. Compare SCC.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
acronym:  A word formed from the initial letters of a name or phrase, such as ROM (from read-only memory).  (CTR, ETR, GST)
activate:  To make active.  A control or window may be activated.  Compare enable.  (GSTR, PI)
activate event:  A window event that occurs when a window is made either active or inactive.  (GSTR, PI)
active:  Able to respond to the user's mouse or keyboard actions.  Controls and windows that are active are displayed differently from inactive items.  (GSTR, PI)
ADB:  See Apple DeskTop Bus.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI)
ADB commands:  Commands that are issued to the Apple Desktop Bus. These are not the same as Apple Desktop Bus Tool Set routines; rather, the tool set routines often include an ADB command as a parameter. The Apple Desktop Bus Tool Set then interprets and issues the ADB command.  (GSTR)
ADC:  See analog-to-digital converter.  (CTR, GST)
address:  A number that specifies the location of a single byte of memory. Addresses can be given as decimal or hexadecimal integers. A 64K system has addresses ranging from 0 to 65535 (in decimal) or from $0000 to $FFFF (in hexadecimal).  The AppleIIGS has addresses ranging from 0 to 16,777,215 (decimal) or from $00 00 00 to $FF FF FF (hexadecimal). A complete address consists of a 4-bit bank number ($00 to $FF) followed by a 16-bit address within that bank ($00 00 to $FF FF). The letter x in an address stands for all possible values for that digit. For example, $Dxxx means all the addresses from $D000 through $DFFF.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, P16)
address bus:  The bus that carries addresses from the CPU to components under its control.    (PI)
advanced linker (APW):  One aspect of the linker supplied with APW.  The operation of the advanced linker is programmable.  Compare standard linker.  (PI)
alert:  A warning or report of an error in the form of an alert box, a sound from the computer's speaker, or both.   (GSTR, PI)
alert box:  A special type of dialog box that appears on the screen to give a warning or to report an error message during use of an application.  (GSTR, PI)
alert sound:  A sound generated by a sound procedure that emits a tone or sequence of tones when the user is to be alerted of a condition.  (GSTR)
alert stage:  One of four stages that correspond to consecutive occurrences of an alert.  (GSTR)
alert template:  A data structure that conatains an alert ID, a RECT determining the alert window's size and location, information about what should happen at each stage of the alert, and a list of pointers to the item templates.  (GSTR)
alert window:  The window in which an alert box appears.  One of the two predefined window formats.  Compare document window.  (GSTR, PI)
algorithm:  A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing a task.  (CTR, ETR)
alternative pointing devices:  A device, such as a graphics tablet or trackball, used instead of the mouse.  (GSTR)
American Simplified Keyboard:  See Dvorak keyboard.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange:  See ASCII.  (GST)
analog:  (adj) Varying smoothly and continuously over a range, rather than changing in discrete jumps. For example, a conventional 12-hour clock face is an analog device that shows the time of day by the continuously changing position of the clock's hands. Compare digital.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
analog data:  Data in the form of continuously variable quantities. Compare digital data.  (CTR, ETR)
analog RGB:  A type of color video monitor that accepts separate analog signals for the red, green, and blue color primaries. The intensity of each primary can vary continuously, making possible many shades and tints of color.  Compare TTL RGB.  (GSH, GST, PI)
analog signal:  A signal that varies continuously over time, rather than being sent and received in discrete intervals. Compare digital signal.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
analog-to-digital converter (ADC):  A device that converts quantities from analog to digital form. For example, computer hand controls convert the position of the control dial (an analog quantity) into a discrete number (a digital quantity) that changes stepwise even when the dial is turned smoothly.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
AND:  A logical operator that produces a true result if both its operands are true, and a false result if either or both its operands are false. Compare OR, NOT, exclusive OR.  (CTR, ETR)
ANSI:  Acronym for American National Standards Institute, which sets standards for many technical fields and is the most common standard for computer terminals.  (CTR, ETR)
Apple Desktop Bus (ADB):  An input bus, with its own protocol and electrical characteristics, that provides a method of connecting input devices such as keyboards and mouse devices to personal computers.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI)
Apple Desktop Bus Tool Set:  The AppleIIGS tool set that facilitates an application's interaction with devices connected to the Apple Desktop Bus.  (GSTR, PI)
Apple I:  The first Apple computer. It was built in a garage in California by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.  (CTR, ETR)
AppleII:  A family of computers, including the original AppleII, the AppleII Plus, the AppleIIe, the AppleIIc, and the AppleIIGS.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
AppleII Pascal:  A software system for the AppleII family that lets you create and execute programs written in the Pascal programming language. AppleII Pascal was adapted by Apple Computer from the University of California, San Diego, Pascal Operating System (UCSD Pascal).  (CTR, ETR, GST)
AppleII Plus:  A personal computer in the AppleII family with expansion slots that allow the user to enhance the computer's capabilities with peripheral and auxiliary cards.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
AppleIIc:  A transportable personal computer in the AppleII family, with a disk drive, serial ports, and 80-column display capability built in.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
Apple IIe:  A personal computer in the Apple II family with seven expansion slots and an auxiliary memory slot that allow the user to enhance the computer's capabilities with peripheral memory and video enhancement cards.  (CTR, ETR, GSTR, PI)
AppleIIe 80-Column Text Card:  A peripheral card that plugs into the AppleIIe's auxiliary memory slot and enables the computer to display text as either 40 or 80 characters per line.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
AppleIIe Extended 80-Column Text Card:  A peripheral card that plugs into the AppleIIe's auxiliary memory slot and allows the computer to display either 40 or 80 characters per line while extending the computer's memory capacity by 64K.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
AppleIIGS:  The most advanced computer in the Apple II family.  It features expanded memory, advanced sound and graphics, and the Apple IIGS Toolbox of programming routines. The AppleIIGS uses a 16-bit microprocessor and has 256K of RAM. It has slots like the AppleIIe and ports like the AppleIIc, and contains a 15-voice custom sound chip.  (CTR, ETR, PI, GSTR)
Apple IIGS Debugger:  A 65816 machine language code debugger for the Apple IIGS computer.  (PI)
Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop:  The development environment for the AppleIIGS computer. It consists of a set of programs that facilitate the writing, compiling, and debugging of Apple IIGS applications. See APW.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
AppleIIGS Toolbox:  An extensive set of routines that facilitates writing desktop applications and provides easy program access to many AppleIIGS hardware and firmware features. Functions within the toolbox are grouped into tool sets.  (GSTR, PI)
AppleIII:  An Apple computer; part of the AppleII family. The AppleIII offered a built-in disk drive and built-in RS-232-C (serial) port. Its memory was expandable to 256K.   (CTR, ETR)
Apple key:  A modifier key on the Apple IIGS keyboard, marked with both an Apple icon and a spinner, the icon used on the equivalent key on some Macintosh keyboards.  It performs the same functions as the Open Apple key on standard Apple II machines.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
Applesoft BASIC:  The AppleII dialect of the BASIC programming language. An interpreter for creating and executing Applesoft BASIC programs is built into the firmware of computers in the AppleII family. See also BASIC, Integer BASIC.  (CTR, ETR, GSF)
AppleTalk:  Apple's local-area network for AppleII and Macintosh personal computers and the LaserWriter and ImageWriter II printers. Like the Macintosh, the AppleIIGS has the AppleTalk interface built in.   (GSF)
AppleTalk connector:  A piece of equipment-consisting of a connection box, a short cable, and an 8-pin miniature DIN connector-that enables an AppleIIGS to be part of an AppleTalk network.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
application:  A stand-alone program that performs a specific function, such as word processing, drawing, or telecommunications. Compare, for example, desk accessory, device driver.  (GSTR, PI)
application event:  Any of four types of events available for applications to define and respond to as desired.  (GSTR)
application prefix:  The ProDOS 16 prefix number 1/.  It specifies the directory of the currently running application.  (PI, GSTR)
application program (or application):  (1) A program that performs a specific task useful to the computer user, such as word processing, data base management, or graphics. Compare controlling program, shell application, system program. (2) On the Apple IIGS, a program that accesses ProDOS 16 and the Toolbox directly, and that can be called or exited via the QUIT call. ProDOS 16 applications are file type $B3.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, P16)
application window:  A window in which an application's document appears.  (GSTR, PI)
application-defined event:  Any of four types of events available for applications to define and respond to as desired.  (PI)
APW:  See AppleIIGS Programmer's Workshop.  (GSF, GSH, PI, P16)
APW (AppleIIGS Programmer's Workshop):  A multilanguage development environment for writing AppleIIGS desktop applications.  (GSTR)
APW Assembler:  The 65816 assembly-language assembler provided with the AppleIIGS Programmer's Workshop.  (GSTR, PI)
APW C Compiler:  The C-language compiler provided with the AppleIIGS Programmer's Workshop.  (GSTR, PI)
APW Editor:  The program within the Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop that allows you to enter, modify, and save source files for all APW languages.  (PI)
APW Linker:  The linker supplied with Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop.  (PI, P16)
APW Shell:  The programming environment of the AppleIIGS Programmer's Workshop. It provides facilities for file manipulation and program execution, and supports shell applications.  (GSTR, PI)
APW utility program:  Any of various Shell applications supplied with the Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop that function as APW Shell commands.  (PI)
arbitrary mode:  In the List Manager, a selection mode that allows the user to select members in a list without deselecting already-selected members.   (GSTR)
arc:  A portion of an oval; one of the fundamental shapes drawn by QuickDraw II.  (GSTR, PI)
argument:  A value on which a function or statement operates; it can be a number or a variable. For example, in the BASIC statement VTAB 10, the number10 is the argument. Compare operand.  (ETR)
arithmetic expression:  A combination of numbers and arithmetic operators (such as  3 + 5) that indicates some operation to be carried out.  (CTR, ETR)
arithmetic operator:  An operator, such as +, that combines numeric values to produce a numeric result. Compare logical operator, relational operator.  (CTR, ETR)
ascent:  In a font, the distance between the base line and the ascent line.  (GSTR, PI)
ascent line:  A horizontal line that coincides with the tops of the tallest characters in a font. See also base line, descent line.  (GSTR, PI)
ASCII:  Acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, pronounced "ASK-ee." A code in which the numbers from 0 to 127 stand for text characters. ASCII code is used to represent text inside a computer and to transmit text between computers or between a computer and a peripheral device.   Compare EBCDIC.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
aspect ratio:  The ratio of an image's width to its height. For example, a standard video display has an aspect ratio of 4:3.  (GSH, GST)
assembler:  A language translator that converts a program written in assembly language into an equivalent program in machine language. The opposite of a disassembler. Compare compiler.   (CTR, ETR, GSF, GST, PI, P16)
assembly language:  A low-level programming language in which individual machine-language instructions are written in a symbolic form that's easier to understand than machine language itself. Each assembly-language instruction produces one machine-language instruction. See also machine language.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
AsyncADBReceive completion routine:  Used in conjunction with the ADB Tool Set routine AsyncADBReceive, the completion routine obtains ADB data from a buffer. Compare SRQ list completion routine.  (GSTR)
asynchronous:  Not synchronized by a mutual timing signal or clock. Compare synchronous.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter:  See ACIA.  (GST)
asynchronous transmission:  A method of data transmission in which the receiving and sending devices don't share a common timer, and no timing data is transmitted. Each information character is individually synchronized, usually by the use of start and stop bits. The time interval between characters isn't necessarily fixed. Compare synchronous transmission.  (CTR, ETR)
attributes word:  Determines how memory blocks are allocated and maintained.  Most of the attributes are defined at allocation time and can't be changed after that; other attributes can be modified after allocation.  (GSTR, PI)
auto-key:  A keyboard feature and an event type, in which a key being held down continuously is interpreted as a rapid series of identical keystrokes.  (GSTR, PI)
auxID:  A subfield of the User ID.  An application may place any value it wishes into the auxID field.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
auxiliary slot:  The special expansion slot inside the AppleIIe used for the AppleIIe 80-Column Text Card or Extended 80-Column Text Card, and  also for the RGB monitor card. The slot is labeled "AUX. CONNECTOR" on the circuit board.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
auxiliary type:  A secondary classification of ProDOS files.  A file's auxiliary type field may contain information of use to the applications that read it.  Compare file type.  (GSTR, PI)
available font:  A font that the Font Manager can use because the font is the ROM font, or a font in the FONTS subdirectory, or a font that the application has added with the Font Manager routine AddFontVar.  (GSTR)
back panel:  The rear surface of the computer, which includes the power switch, the power connector, and connectors for peripheral devices.  (CTR, GST)
background:  The pixels within a character or other screen object that are not part of the object itself.  (GSTR, PI)
background color:  The color of background pixels in text; by default it is black.  (GSTR, PI)
background pattern:  The pattern QuickDraw II uses to erase objects on the screen.  (GSTR, PI)
background pixels:  In a character image, the pixels that are not part of the character itself.  (GSTR, PI)
background printing:  Printing from one application while another application is running.  (GSF)
background procedure:  A procedure run by the Print Manager whenever the Print Manager has directed output to the printer and is waiting for the printer to finish.  (GSTR, PI)
backup bit:  A bit in a file's access byte that tells backup programs whether the file has been altered since the last time it was backed up.  (PI, P16)
bandwidth:  The range of frequencies a device can handle. Bandwidth and maximum data transfer rate are directly proportional. For example, a video monitor's greater bandwidth allows it to display more information per scan frame than most home television sets can. To display80 columns of text, a monitor should have a bandwidth of at least 12 MHz.  (CTR)
bank:  A 64K (65,536-byte) portion of the AppleIIGS internal memory. An individual bank is specified by the value of one of the 65C816 microprocessor's bank registers.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
bank $00:  The first bank of memory in the Apple IIGS.  In emulation mode, it is equivalent to main memory in an Apple IIe or Apple IIc computer.  (GSTR, PI)
bank-switched memory:  On Apple II computers, that part of the language card memory in which two 4K-portions of memory share the same address range ($D000-$DFFF).  (GSF, GSH, PI, P16)
base address:  In indexed addressing, the fixed component of an address.  (CTR, ETR)
base family:  A font family is a base family if it is the ROM font or if a plain-styled example of the family can be found among the fonts in the FONTS subdirectory.  (GSTR)
base height:  In the LineEdit Tool Set, the distance between the top of the destination rectangle and the base line. This controls where the text is drawn.  (GSTR)
base line:  A horizontal line that coincides with the bottom of the main body of each character in a font. Character descenders extend below the base line.  (GSTR, PI)
BASIC:  Acronym for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. BASIC is a high-level programming language designed to be easy to learn. Two versions of BASIC are available from Apple Computer for use with all AppleII-family systems: Applesoft BASIC (built into the firmware) and Integer BASIC.  (CTR, ETR, GSTR, PI)
BASICOUT:  The routine that outputs a character when the 80-column firmware is active.  (GSF)
batch:  A mode of executing a computer program in which all code and data required by the program are loaded into the computer at the beginning, the program is run, and all results are output at the end.  Batch mode is non-interactive.  (PI)
Battery RAM:  RAM memory on the AppleIIGS clock chip. A battery preserves the clock settings and the RAM contents when the power is off. Control Panel settings are kept in the Battery RAM.  (GSF)
baud:  A unit of data transmission speed:  the number of discrete signal state changes per second. Often, but not always, equivalent to bits per second. Compare bit rate.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
baud rate:  The rate at which serial data is transferred, measured in signal transitions per second. It takes approximately 10 signal transitions to transmit a single character.  (GSF)
best-fit font algorithm:  The algorithm that the Font Manager routine InstallFont uses to look for a font that matches a given set of specifications.  (GSTR)
binary:  A method of numeric representation using a base-2 system. Valid digits are 0 and 1. Compare hexadecimal, decimal.  (GSH)  Characterized by having two different components, or by having only two alternatives or values available; sometimes used synonymously with binary system.  (CTR, ETR)
binary digit:  The smallest unit of information in the binary number system; a 0 or a 1. Also called a bit.  (CTR, ETR)
binary file:  (1) A file whose data is to be interpreted in binary form. Machine-language programs and pictures are stored in binary files. Compare text file.  (2) A file in binary file format.  (GST, PI, P16)
binary file format:  The ProDOS 8 loadable file format, consisting of one absolute memory image along with its destination address.  A file in binary file format has ProDOS file type $06 and is referred to as a BIN file.  The System Loader cannot load BIN files.  (PI, P16)
binary operator:  An operator that combines two operands to produce a result. For example, + is a binary arithmetic operator; < is a binary relational operator; OR is a binary logical operator. Compare unary operator.  (CTR, ETR)
binary system:  The representation of numbers in the base-2 system, using only the two digits 0 and 1. For example, the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 become 0, 1, 10, 11, and 100 in binary notation. The binary system is commonly used in computers because the values 0 and 1 can easily be represented in a variety of ways, such as the presence or absence of current, positive or negative voltage, or a white or black dot on the display screen. A single binary digit-a 0 or a 1-is called a bit. Compare decimal, hexadecimal.  (CTR, ETR)
bit:  A contraction of binary digit . The smallest unit of information that a computer can hold. The value of a bit (1 or 0) represents a simple two-way choice, such as yes or no, on or off, positive or negative, something or nothing.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
bit image:  A collection of bits in memory that have a rectilinear graphical representation. The display on the screen is a visible bit image.  (GST)
bit map:  A set of bits that represents the positions and states of a corresponding set of items. In graphics, video pixels are represented by a bit or bits in video display memory. See also graphics.  (GSH, GST, P16)
bit plane:  A method of representing images in computer memory.  In a bit plane, consecutive bits in memory specify adjacent pixels in the image; if more than one bit is required to completely specify the state of a pixel, more than one bit plane is used for the image.  Compare chunky pixels.  (GSTR, PI)
bit rate:  The speed at which bits are transmitted, usually expressed as bits per second, or bps. Compare baud.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
bits per second:  See bit rate.  (CTR, ETR)
block:  (1) A unit of data storage or transfer, typically 512 bytes.  (2) A contiguous region of computer memory of arbitrary size, allocated by the Memory Manager.  Also called a memory block.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
block device:  A device that transfers data to or from a computer in multiples of 1 block (512 bytes) of characters at a time. Disk drives are block devices. Also called block I/O device.  (GSF, GSTR, PI, P16)
block I/O device:  See block device.  (GSTR)
board:  See printed-circuit board.  (CTR, ETR)
body:  In BASIC, the statements or instructions that make up a part of a program, such as a loop or a subroutine.  (CTR, ETR)
Boolean logic:  A mathematical system in which every expression evaluates to one of two values, usually referred to as TRUE or FALSE.  (GSTR, PI)
Boolean variable:  A variable that can have one of two values, usually referred to as TRUE or FALSE.  (GSTR, PI)
boot:  Another way to say start up. A computer boots by loading a program into memory from an external storage medium such as a disk. Starting up is often accomplished by first loading a small program, which then reads a larger program into memory. The program is said to "pull itself up by its own bootstraps"-hence the term bootstrapping or booting.   (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, P16)
boot disk:  See startup disk.  (CTR, ETR)
boot prefix:  The ProDOS 16 prefix number */.  It specifies the name of the volume from which the currently running version of ProDOS 16 was started up.  (PI)
bootstrap:  See boot.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
bottom scroll bar:  The scroll bar the user selects to scroll horizontally through the data in a window.  (GSTR)
boundary rectangle:  A rectangle, defined as part of a QuickDraw II LocInfo record, that encloses the active area of the pixel image and imposes a coordinate system on it. Its upper-left corner is always aligned on the first pixel in the pixel map.  (GSTR, PI)
boundsRect:  The GrafPort field that defines the port's boundary rectangle.  (GSTR, PI)
bps:  See bit rate.  (CTR, ETR)
branch:  (v) To pass program control to a line or statement other than the next in sequence. (n) A statement that performs a branch. See conditional branch, unconditional branch.  (CTR, ETR)
BREAK:  A SPACE (0) signal, sent over a communication line, of long enough duration to interrupt the sender. This signal is often used to end a session with a time-sharing service. BREAK is also used in BASIC to stop execution of a program. It's generated by pressing Control-C.  (CTR, ETR)
breakpoint:  A machine-language instruction in a program that causes execution to halt.  (PI)
BRK:  A "software interrupt." An instruction that causes the 6502 or 65C02 microprocessor to halt. Pronounced "break."  (CTR, ETR)
buffer:  A holding area in the computer's memory (for example, a print buffer) where information can be stored by one program or device and then read at a different rate by another.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
bug:  An error in a program that causes it not to work as intended. The expression reportedly comes from the early days of computing when an itinerant moth shorted a connection and caused a breakdown in a room-size computer.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
bus:  A group of wires or circuits that transmit related information from one part of a computer system to another. In a network, a line of cable with connectors linking devices together. A bus network has a beginning and an end. (It's not in a closed circle or T shape.)  (CTR, ETR, GST)
Busy word:  A firmware flag, consulted by the Scheduler, that protects system software that is not reentrant from being called while processing another call.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
button:  (1) A pushbutton-like image in dialog boxes where the user clicks to designate, confirm, or cancel an action. See also check box, radio button. (2) A button on a mouse or other pointing device. See also mouse button.  (GST, GSTR, PI)
byte:  A unit of information consisting of 8 bits. A byte can have any value between 0 and 255, which may represent an instruction, a letter, a number, a punctuation mark, or another character. See also bit, kilobyte, megabyte.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
C:  A high-level programming language.  One of the languages available for the Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop.  (GSTR, PI)
c flag:  See carry flag.  (GSTR, PI)
C string:  An ASCII character string terminated by a null character (ASCII value = 0).  (GSTR, PI)
C string:  An ASCII character string terminated by a null character (ASCII value = 0). Compare Pascal string.  (GSTR)
C-type string:  Same as C string.  (GSTR)
C3COUT1:  Also called BASICOUT, this is the routine that COUT jumps to when the 80-column firmware is active.  (GSF)
cable:  An insulated bundle of wires with connectors on the ends; the number of wires varies with the type of connection. Examples are serial cables, disk drive cables, and AppleTalk cables.  (CTR, ETR)
call:  (v) To request the execution of a subroutine, function, or procedure. (n) A request from the keyboard or from a procedure to execute a named procedure. See procedure.  (CTR, ETR, GST, P16)
call block:  The sequence of assembly-language instructions used to call ProDOS 16 or System Loader functions.  (P16)
Cancel:  One of two predefined item ID numbers for dialog box buttons (Cancel = 2).  Compare OK.  (GSTR, PI)
cancel:  To stop an operation, such as the setting of page-setup values in a dialog box, without saving any results produced up to that point.  (GSTR, PI)
card:  See peripheral card.  (PI)
caret:  A symbol that indicates where something should or will be inserted in text. On the screen it designates the insertion point, and is usually a vertical bar (|).  (GSTR, PI)
carriage return:  An ASCII character (decimal 13) that ordinarily causes a printer or display device to place the next character on the left margin; in APW C, equal to newline ().  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSH)
carrier:  The background signal on a communication channel that is modified to carry information. Under RS-232-C rules, the carrier signal is equivalent to a continuous MARK (1) signal; a transition to 0 then represents a start bit.  (CTR, ETR)
carry flag:  A status bit in the 6502 or 65C02 microprocessor, used as a ninth bit with the eight accumulator bits in addition, subtraction, rotation, and shift operations.  (CTR, ETR)
carry flag:  A status bit in the microprocessor indicating whether an accumulator calculation has resulted in a carry out of the register. Also called c flag.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
cathode-ray tube (CRT):  An electronic device, such as a television picture tube, that produces images on a phosphor-coated screen. The phosphor coating emits light when struck by a focused beam of electrons. A common display device used with personal computers.  (CTR, GSH, GST)
CDA:  See classic desk accessory.  (GSTR, PI)
CDA menu:  The menu on which classic desk accessories are listed; the user selects the menu by pressing Control-Apple-Escape. See also classic desk accessory.  (GSTR)
central processing unit (CPU):  The "brain" of the computer; the microprocessor that performs the actual computations in machine language. See microprocessor.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
character:  (1) Any symbol that has a widely understood meaning and thus can convey information. Some characters-such as letters, numbers, and punctuation-can be displayed on the monitor screen and printed on a printer. Most characters are represented in the computer as 1-byte values. (2) In QuickDraw II, a single ASCII character.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR)
character bounds rectangle:  The rectangle that determines the extent of the background pixels of a character.  (GSTR)
character bounds width:  The width of a character's character bounds rectangle.  (GSTR)
character code:  A number used to represent a character for processing by a computer system.  (CTR, ETR)
character device:  A device that transfers data to or from a computer as a stream of individual characters.  Keyboards and printers are character devices.  (GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
character generator:  The IC responsible for providing all text and special characters to the computer that may be displayed on the video monitor.  (GSH)
character image:  An arrangement of bits that defines a character in a font.  (PI)  The part of a font strike that represents a character in a font.  (GSTR)
character image width:  The number of columns in a character image.  (GSTR)
character origin:  The point on the base line used as a reference location for drawing a character.  (GSTR, PI)
character position:  An index into LineEdit text, with position 0 corresponding to the first character.  (GSTR)
character rectangle:  A rectangle that encloses a character image. Its width is equal to the image width of the character; its height is equal to the character height.  (GSTR)
character set:  The entire set of characters that can be either shown on a monitor or used to code computer instructions. In a printer, the entire set of characters that the printer is capable of printing.  (CTR, ETR)
character width:  The number of pixels the pen position is to be advanced after the character is drawn.  (GSTR, PI)
check box:  A small box associated with an option in a dialog box. When the user clicks the check box, that may change the option or affect related options. See also radio button.  (GSTR, PI)
chip:  See integrated circuit.  (CTR, GST)
Choose Printer dialog box:  A Print Manager dialog box that lets the user select a printer or port for printing.  (GSTR, PI)
chunkiness:  The number of bits required to describe the state of a pixel in a pixel image.  (GSTR, PI)
chunky pixels:  A method of representing images in computer memory.  In chunky pixel organization, a number of consecutive bits in memory combine to specify the state of a single pixel in the image.  Consecutive groups of bits (the size of the group is equal to the image's chunkiness) define adjacent pixels in the image.  Compare bit plane.  (GSTR, PI)
circuit board:  A board containing embedded circuits and an attached collection of integrated circuits (chips).  (GST)
clamp:  A memory location that contains the maximum and minimum excursion positions of the mouse cursor when the desktop is in use.  (GSF)
clamp values:  The X- and Y-limits, in terms of pixels, on cursor position controlled by mouse movement.  (GSTR, PI)
classic desk accessory (CDA):  Desk accessories designed to execute in a non-desktop, non-event-based environment. Compare new desk accessory.   (GSTR, PI)
Clear To Send:  An RS-232-C signal from a DCE to a DTE that is normally kept false until the DCE makes it true, indicating that all circuits are ready to transfer data out. See Data Communication Equipment, Data Terminal Equipment.  (CTR, ETR)
click:  To position the pointer on something, and then to press and quickly release the button on the mouse or other pointing device.  (GSTR, PI)
clip:  To restrict drawing to within a particular boundary; any drawing attempted outside that boundary does not occur.  (GSTR, PI)
Clipboard:  The holding place for the material the user last cut or copied; a buffer area in memory. Information on the Clipboard can be inserted (pasted) into documents. In memory, the contents of the clipboard are called the desk scrap.  (GSTR, PI)
clipping region:  The region to which an application limits drawing in a GrafPort.  (GSTR, PI)
clock:  (1) The timing circuit that controls execution of a microprocessor.  Also called system clock.  (2) An integrated circuit, often with battery-backup memory, that gives the current date and time.  Also called clock-calendar.  (GSTR, PI)
clock chip:  A special chip in which parameter RAM and the current setting for the date and time are stored. This chip is powered by a battery when the system is off, thus preserving the information.  (GST)
clock speed:  The frequency of the system clock signal in megahertz.  (PI)
close:  To terminate access to an open file. When a file is closed, its updated version is written to disk and all resources it needed when open (such as its I/O buffer) are released. The file must be opened before it can be accessed again.  (P16)  To turn a window back into the icon that represents it.  (GST)
close box:  The small white box on the left side of the title bar of an active window.  Clicking it closes the window.  (GSTR, PI)
CMOS:  Acronym for complementary metal oxide semiconductor, one of several methods of making integrated circuits out of silicon. CMOS devices are characterized by their low power consumption. CMOS techniques are derived from MOS techniques.  (GSF, GSH, GST, PI)
code:  (1) A number or symbol used to represent some piece of information. (2) The statements or instructions that make up a program.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
cold start:  The process of starting up the AppleII when the power is first turned on (or as if the power had just been turned on) by loading the operating system into main memory, and then loading and running a program. Compare boot, warm start.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
color fringing:  The rainbow-like effect that appears around text characters when they are displayed in color on most color video monitors. This fringing is unavoidable because the color-detection circuitry of most composite video color monitors cannot respond fast enough to the changing of the color information during the text portion of the display. Displaying text in monochrome makes it more readable.  (GSH)
color table:  One table of 16 lookup tables in AppleIIGS memory. The table lists the available color values for a scan line.  (GSTR, PI)
column:  A vertical arrangement of graphics points or character positions on the display.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
command:  An instruction that causes the computer to perform some action. A command can be typed from a keyboard, selected from a menu with a hand-operated device (such as a mouse), or embedded in a program.  (CTR, ETR, GST)  (1) In the Standard C Library, a parameter that tells a function which of several actions to perform. (2) In the APW Shell, a word that tells APW which utility to execute.  (GSH)
command character:  An ASCII character, usually Control-A or Control-I, that causes the serial port firmware to interpret subsequent characters as commands.  (CTR)
command line:  (1)In APW, the line of text with which the user invokes a procedure or function or executes a program.  The command line often includes both the name of the function to execute and a list of parameters to be passed to the function.  (2) The line on the screen on which a command is entered.  (PI)
command register:  An ACIA location (at $C09A for port 1 and $C0AA for port 2) that stores parity type and RS-232-C signal characteristics.  (CTR)
command-line interface:  The type of interface between user and program in which information is passed in a command line.  (PI)
compact:  To rearrange allocated memory blocks in order to increase the amount of contiguous unallocated (free) memory. The Memory Manager compacts memory when needed.  (P16)
compaction:  The rearrangement of allocated blocks in memory to open up larger contiguous areas of free space.  (GSTR, PI)
compiler:  A language translator that converts a program written in a high-level programming language (source code) into an equivalent program in some lower-level language such as machine language (object code) for later execution.  (CTR, ETR, GST)  A program that produces object files (containing machine-language code) from source files written in a high-level language such as C.  Compare assembler.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
component:  A part; in particular, a part of a computer system.  (GST)
composite video:  A standard video signal that includes all color and timing information that is needed by a composite video monitor. Several video standards are in use around the world: NTSC video is used in northern America and Japan; PAL video is used in much of Europe; SECAM is used in the USSR and many other countries. The AppleIIGS is capable of generating both NTSC and PAL video. Compare RGB.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
computer:  An electronic device that performs predefined (programmed) computations at high speed and with great accuracy. A machine that is used to store, transfer, and transform information.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
computer language:  See programming language.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
computer system:  A computer and its associated hardware, firmware, and software.  (CTR)
conditional assembly:  A feature of an assembler that allows the programmer to define macros or other pieces of code such that the assembler assembles them differently under different conditions.  (GST)
conditional branch:  A branch whose execution depends on the truth of a condition or the value of an expression. Compare unconditional branch.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
configuration:  (1) The total combination and arrangement of hardware components-CPU, video display device, keyboard, and peripheral devices-that make up a computer system. (2) The software settings that allow various hardware components of a computer system to communicate with each other.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
connector:  A plug, socket, jack, or port.  (CTR, ETR)
constant:  In a program, a symbol that represents a fixed, unchanging value. Compare variable.  (CTR, ETR)
content region:  The area in a window in which an application presents information to the user.  (GSTR, PI)
control:  An object in a window with which the user, using the mouse, can cause instant action with visible results or change settings to modify a future action.  (GSTR, PI)
control character:  A nonprinting character that controls or modifies the way information is printed or displayed. In the AppleII family, control characters have ASCII values between 0 and 31, and are typed from a keyboard by holding down the Control key while pressing some other key. In the Macintosh family, the Command key performs a similar function.   (CTR, ETR)
control code:  One or more nonprinting characters-included in a text file-whose function is to change the way a printer prints the text. For example, a program may use certain control codes to turn boldface printing on and off. See control character.   (CTR, ETR)
control definition procedure:  A procedure used to define the appearance and behavior of a custom control.  (GSTR)
control key:  A general term for a key that controls the operation of other keys; for example, Apple, Caps Lock, Control, Option, and Shift. When you hold down or engage a control key while pressing another key, the combination makes that other key behave differently. Also called a modifier key.  (CTR, ETR)
Control key:  A specific key on AppleII-family keyboards that produces control characters when used in combination with other keys.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
Control Manager:  The AppleIIGS tool set that manages controls, which are objects on the screen that the user can manipulate with the mouse to cause instant action or change settings.  (GSTR, PI)
Control Panel:  A desk accessory that lets the user change certain system parameters, such as speaker volume, display colors, and configuration of slots and ports.   (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
control record:  A data structure that defines the appearance and behavior of a control.  (GSTR)
control register:  A special register that programs can read and write, similar to a soft switch. The control registers are specific locations in the I/O space ($Cxxx) in bank $E0; they are accessible from bank $00 if I/O shadowing is on.   (GSF)  An ACIA location ( at $C09B for port 1 and $C0AB for port 2) that stores data format and baud rate selections.  (CTR)
Control-Reset:  A combination keystroke on AppleII-family computers that usually causes an Applesoft BASIC program or command to stop immediately. If a program disables the Control-Reset feature, you need to turn the computer off to get the program to stop.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
controller card:  A peripheral card that connects a device such as a printer or disk drive to a computer's main logic board and controls the operation of the device.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GST)
controlling program:  A program that loads and runs other programs, without itself leaving memory.  A controlling program is responsible for shutting down its subprograms and freeing their memory space when they are finished.  A shell, for example, is a controlling program.  (GSH, PI, P16)
coordinate plane:  A two-dimensional grid defined by QuickDraw II.  All drawing commands are located in terms of coordinates on the grid.  (GSTR, PI)
coordinates:  X and Y locations on the QuickDraw II coordinate plane. Most QuickDraw II routines accept and return coordinates in the order (Y,X).  (GSTR, PI)
copy:  To duplicate something by selecting it and choosing Copy from the Edit menu.  A copy of the selected portion is placed on the Clipboard, without affecting the original selection.  (GSTR, PI)
copy protect:  To make a disk uncopyable. Software publishers frequently try to copy protect their disks to prevent them from being illegally duplicated by software pirates. Compare write protect.  (CTR, ETR)
COUT:  The firmware entry point for the AppleII character-output subroutine. COUT is actually an I/O link located in RAM rather than in ROM, and so can be modified to contain the address of the presently active character-output subroutine.  (GSF)
COUT1:  An entry point within the AppleII character-output subroutine.  (GSF)
CPU:  See central processing unit and microprocessor.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
crash:  To cease to operate unexpectedly, possibly destroying information in the process.  (CTR, ETR)
creation date:  An attribute of a ProDOS 16 file; it specifies the date on which the file was first created.  (PI, P16)
creation time:  An attribute of a ProDOS 16 file; it specifies the time at which the file was first created.  (PI, P16)
CRT:  See cathode-ray tube.  (CTR)
CTS:  See Clear To Send.  (CTR)
current application:  The application program currently loaded and running. Every application program is identified by a User ID number; the current application is defined as that application whose User ID is the present value of the USERID global variable.  (P16)
current font:  The font currently being used by QuickDraw II to draw text.  (GSTR)
current input device:  The source, such as the keyboard or a modem, from which a program is currently receiving its input.  (CTR, ETR)
current output device:  The destination, such as the display screen or a printer, currently receiving a program's output.  (CTR, ETR)
cursor:  A graphic icon displayed by the operating system or application program that indicates where the next input from the user is expected. Different styles of cursors are used with the AppleIIGS: an arrow, an underbar, a vertical bar, and an inverse video block.   (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
cursor record:  The data structure that defines the height and width of the cursor, the image of the cursor, the mask controlling the appearance of the cursor, and the hot spot defining where the image of the cursor will be placed by the mouse.  (GSTR)
cut:  To remove something by selecting it and choosing Cut from the Edit menu. The cut portion is placed on the Clipboard.  (GSTR, PI)
D register:  See direct register.  (PI)
DAC:  See digital-to-analog converter.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
data:  Information transferred to or from or stored in a computer or other mechanical communications or storage device.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH)
data area:  A document as viewed in a window.  The data area is the entire document, only a portion of which (the visible region) may be seen in the window at any one time.  (GSTR, PI)
data bank register:  A register in the 65816 processor that contains the high-order byte of the 24-bit address that references data in memory.  (GSTR, PI)
data bits:  The bits in a communication transfer that contain information. Compare start bit, stop bit.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
data block:  A 512-byte portion of a ProDOS 16 standard file that consists of whatever kind of information the file may contain.  (GSH, P16)
data bus:  A set of the electrical conductors that carry data from one internal part of the computer to another.  (PI)
Data Carrier Detect (DCD):  A signal from a DCE (such as a modem) to a DTE (such as an AppleIIGS) indicating that a communication connection has been established. See Data Communication Equipment, Data Terminal Equipment.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
Data Communication Equipment (DCE):  As defined by the RS-232-C standard, any device that transmits or receives information. Usually this device is a modem.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
data format:  The form in which data is stored, manipulated, or transferred. For example, when data is transmitted and received serially, it typically has a data format of one start bit, five to eight data bits, an optional parity bit, and one or two stop bits.  (CTR, GST)
data set:  A device that modulates, demodulates, and controls signals transferred between business machines and communication facilities. A form of modem.  (CTR, ETR)
Data Set Ready (DSR):  A signal from a DCE to a DTE indicating that the DCE has established a connection. See Data Communication Equipment, Data Terminal Equipment.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
data structure:  A specifically formatted item of data or a form into which data may be placed.  (GSTR, PI)
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE):  As defined by the RS-232-C standard, any device that generates or absorbs information, thus acting as an endpoint of a communication connection. A computer might serve as a DTE.   (CTR, ETR, GST)
Data Terminal Ready (DTR):  A signal from a DTE to a DCE indicating a readiness to transmit or receive data. See Data Communication Equipment, Data Terminal Equipment.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
DB register:  See data bank register.  (GSTR, PI)
DCD:  Abbreviation for Data Carrier Detect, a modem signal indicating that a communication connection has been established.  See Data Carrier Detect.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GST)
DCE:  See Data Communication Equipment.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
dead character:  A character with a character width of 0.  (GSTR)
debug:  A colloquial term that means to locate and correct an error or the cause of a problem or malfunction in a computer program. Compare troubleshoot. See also bug.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
debugger:  A utility used for software development that allows you to analyze a program for errors that cause it to malfunction.  For example, it may allow you to step through execution of the program one instruction at a time.  (PI)
decimal:  A method of numeric representation using a base-10 system. Valid digits are 0 through 9. Compare hexadecimal, binary.  (CTR, ETR, GSH)
default:  A preset response to a question or prompt. The default is automatically used by the computer if the user doesn't supply a different response. Default values prevent a program from stalling or crashing if no value is supplied by the user.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
default button:  The button in a dialog box whose action will be executed if the user presses the Return key.  (GSTR)
default prefix:  The pathname prefix attached by ProDOS 16 to a partial pathname when no prefix number is supplied by the application.  The default prefix is equivalent to prefix number 0/.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
deferred execution:  The execution of a BASIC program instruction that is part of a complete program. The program instruction is executed only when the complete program is run. You defer execution of the instruction by preceding it with a program line number. The complete program executes consecutive instructions in numerical order. Compare immediate execution.  (CTR, ETR)
definition procedure:  A routine that defines the characteristics of some desktop feature such as a window or control.  For example, TaskMaster needs a pointer to a window-content definiton procedure (wContDefProc) in order to draw the contents of windows that it manipulates.  (PI)
DefProc:  See definition procedure.  (PI)
delete:  To remove something, such as a character or word from a file, or a file from a disk.  (GST)
Delete key:  A key on the upper-right corner of the AppleIIe, AppleIIc, and AppleIIGS keyboards that erases the character immediately preceding (to the left of) the cursor. Similar to the Macintosh Backspace key.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
delimiter:  A character that is used for punctuation to mark the beginning or end of a sequence of characters, and which therefore is not considered part of the sequence itself. For example, Applesoft BASIC uses the double quotation mark (") as a delimiter for string constants:  the string "DOG" consists of the three characters D, O, and G, and does not include the quotation marks.   (CTR, ETR)
delta:  The difference from something the program already knows. For example, mouse moves are represented as deltas compared to previous mouse locations. The name comes from the way mathematicians use the Greek letter delta (d) to represent a difference.  (GSF)
delta guide:  A description of something new in terms of its differences from something the reader already knows about. The name comes from the way mathematicians use the Greek letter delta ( d ) to represent a difference.  (GST)
demodulate:  To recover the information being transmitted by a modulated signal. For example, a conventional radio receiver demodulates an incoming broadcast signal to convert it into the sound emitted by the radio's speaker. Compare modulate.  (CTR, ETR)
dereference:  To substitute a pointer for a memory handle, or a value for a pointer. When you dereference a memory block's handle, you access the block directly (through its master pointer) rather than indirectly (through its handle).  (GSTR, PI, P16)
descender:  Any part of a character that lies below the base line (such as the tail on a lowercase "p") .  (GSTR, PI)
descent:  In a font, the distance between the base line and the descent line.  (GSTR, PI)
descent line:  A horizontal line that coincides with the bottoms of character descenders (such as the tail on a lowercase "p") that extends farthest below the base line. See also ascent line, base height, font height.  (GSTR, PI)
desk accessories:  "Mini-applications" that are available from the computer's menu regardless of which application you're using. The Control Panel is an example of a desk accessory.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
desk accessory event:  An event that occurs when the user enters the special keystroke (Control-Apple-Escape) to invoke a classic desk accessory.  (GSTR, PI)
Desk Accessory menu:  The menu whose title is a colored apple symbol.  (GSTR)
Desk Manager:  The AppleIIGS tool set that executes desk accessories and enables applications to support them.  (GSTR, PI)
desk scrap:  A piece of data, maintained by the Scrap Manager, taken from one application and available for insertion into another.  (GSTR, PI)
desktop:  The visual interface between the computer and the user. In computers that support the desktop concept, the desktop consists of a menu bar at the top of the screen, and a gray area in which applications are opened as windows. The desktop interface was first developed for the Macintosh computer.  (GSF, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
desktop environment:  A set of program features that make user interactions with an application resemble operations on a desktop. Commands appear as options in pull-down menus, and material being worked on appears in areas of the screen called windows. The user selects commands or other material by using the mouse to move a pointer around on the screen.  (GST)
desktop interface:  See desktop.  (PI)
desktop user interface:  See desktop, desktop environment.  (GST, GSTR)
desktop user interface:  The visual appearance of a program and the way in which it interacts with the user. In applications that use the desktop user interface, commands appear as options in pull-down menus, and material being worked on appears in rectangular areas of the screen called windows. The user selects commands or other material by using the mouse to move a pointer around on the screen.   (GSH)
destination:  See destination location.  (PI)
destination location:  The location (memory buffer or portion of the QuickDraw II coordinate plane) to which data such as text or graphics are copied. See also destination rectangle.  (GSTR, PI)
destination rectangle:  (1) The rectangle (on the QuickDraw II coordinate plane) in which text or graphics are drawn when transferred from somewhere else. Compare source rectangle. (2)In LineEdit, the rectangle that determines where the text will be drawn.  (GSTR, PI)
development environment:  A program or set of programs that allows you to write applications.  It typically consists of a text editor, an assembler or compiler, a linker, and support programs such as a debugger.  (PI)
device:  A piece of equipment (hardware) used in conjunction with a computer and under the computer's control. Also called a peripheral device because such equipment is often physically separate from, but attached to, the computer.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
device driver:  A program that handles the transfer of data to and from a peripheral device, such as a printer or disk drive.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
device driver event:  An event generated by a device driver.  (GSTR)
device handler:  See device driver.  (CTR, ETR)
device-driver event:  An event generated by a device driver.  (PI)
dial:  An indicator on the screen that displays a quantitative setting or value. Usually found in analog form, such as a fuel gauge or a thermometer. A scroll bar is a standard type of dial.  (GSTR, PI)
dialog:  See dialog box.  (GSTR, PI)
dialog box:  A box on the screen that contains a message requesting more information from the user.  See also alert.  (GSTR, PI)
Dialog Manager:  The AppleIIGS tool set that manipulates dialog boxes and alerts, which appear on the screen when an application needs more information to carry out a command or when the user needs to be notified of an important situation.  (GSTR, PI)
dialog pointer:  A pointer to a dialog's GrafPort; equivalent to the window pointer for the dialog box.   (GSTR)
dialog record:  Information describing a dialog window that is maintained by the Dialog Manager.  (GSTR, PI)
dialog template:  A record that contains information about a dialog to be created.  (GSTR)
dialog window:  The window in which a dialog box appears.   (GSTR, PI)
digit:  (1) One of the characters 0 through 9, used to express numbers in decimal form. (2) One of the characters used to express numbers in some other form, such as 0 and 1 in binary or 0 through 9 and A through F in hexadecimal.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
digital:  (adj) Represented in a discrete (noncontinuous) form, such as numerical digits or integers. For example, contemporary digital clocks show the time as a digital display (such as 2:57) instead of using the positions of a pair of hands on a clock face. Compare analog.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
digital data:  Data that can be represented by digits-that is, data that are discrete rather than continuously variable. Compare analog data.  (CTR, ETR)
Digital Oscillator Chip (DOC):  An integrated circuit in the AppleIIGS that contains 32 digital oscillators, each of which can generate a sound from stored digital waveform data in a wavetable.   (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
digital RGB video monitor:  A type of RGB video display in which the intensities of the red, green, and blue signals are fixed at discrete values.  (PI)
digital signal:  A signal that is sent and received in discrete intervals. A signal that does not vary continuously over time. Compare analog signal.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
digital-to-analog converter:  A device that converts quantities from digital to analog form.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
dim:  On the AppleIIGS desktop, to display a control or menu item in gray rather than black, to notify the user that the item is inactive.  (GSTR, PI)
DIN:  Abbreviation for Deutsche Industrie Normal, a European standards organization.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
DIN connector:  A type of connector with multiple pins inside a round outer shield.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
DIP:  See dual in-line package.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
DIP switches:  A bank of tiny switches, each of which can be moved manually one way or the other to represent one of two values (usually on and off). See dual in-line package.  (CTR, ETR)
direct memory access (DMA):  A means of fast data transfer into or out of computer memory to or from a computer peripheral. A peripheral device, usually a card in a peripheral I/O expansion slot, puts the 65C816 microprocessor in an idle state, and takes control of the computer for a short period of time. Data in memory may be directly accessed without the time-consuming usual handshaking and protocol.   (GSH)
direct page:  A page (256 bytes) of bank $00 of AppleIIGS memory, any part of which can be addressed with a short (1-byte) address because its high-address byte is always $00 and its middle-address byte is the value of the 65C816 direct register. Coresident programs or routines can have their own direct pages at different locations. The direct page corresponds to the 6502 processor's zero page. The term direct page is often used informally to refer to any part of the lower portion of the direct-page/stack space.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
direct register:  A hardware register in the 65816 processor that specifies the start of the direct page.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
direct-page/stack segment:  A program segment that is used to initialize the size and contents of an application's stack and direct page.  (GSTR, PI)
direct-page/stack space:  A portion of bank $00 of AppleIIGS memory reserved for a program's direct page and stack. Initially, the 65C816 processor's direct register contains the base address of the space, and its stack register contains the highest address. In use, the stack grows downward from the top of the direct-page/stack space, and the lower part of the space contains direct-page data.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
directory:  A file that contains a list of the names and locations of other files stored on a disk. Directories are either volume directories or subdirectories. A directory is sometimes called a catalog.  (GSH, GST)
directory file:  A directory. One of the two principal categories of ProDOS 16 files. Directory files contain specially formatted entries that give the names and disk locations of other files.  (GSH, P16)
disable:  To make unresponsive to user actions.  A dialog box control that is disabled does nothing when selected or manipulated by the user.  In appearance, however, it is identical to an enabled control.  Compare inactive.  (GSTR, PI)
disabled menu:  A menu that can be pulled down, but in which items are dimmed and not selectable.  (GSTR, PI)
disassembler:  A language translator that converts a machine-language program into an equivalent program in assembly language, which is easier for programmers to understand. The opposite of an assembler.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GST, PI)
disk:  An information-storage medium consisting of a flat, circular, magnetic surface on which information can be recorded in the form of small magnetized spots, in a manner similar to the way sounds are recorded on tape. See floppy disk, hard disk.  (CTR, ETR)
disk controller card:  A peripheral card that provides the connection between one or two disk drives and the computer. (This connection, or interface, is built into the AppleIIc, the AppleIIGS, and all Macintosh-family computers.)  (CTR, ETR, GST)
disk device:  See block device.  (P16)
disk drive:  A computer peripheral device that stores digital data on a revolving magnetic surface. Disk drives may be floppy disk drives (which use a removable, flexible mylar disk as the medium) or hard disk drives (which use a fixed aluminum platter as the medium). Disk drives retain the information after the computer is turned off, but are capable of altering the data as requested by the computer program.  (CTR, ETR, GSH)
disk envelope:  A removable, protective paper sleeve used when handling or storing a 5.25-inch disk. It must be removed before you insert the disk in a disk drive. Compare disk jacket.  (CTR, ETR)
Disk II, Disk II drive:  A type of disk drive made and sold by Apple Computer, Inc., for use with the Apple II, II Plus, and IIe computers.  It uses 5.25-inch disks.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, PI)
disk jacket:  A permanent, protective covering for a disk. 5.25-inch disks have flexible, paper or plastic jackets; 3.5-inch disks have hard plastic jackets. The disk is never removed from the jacket. Compare disk envelope.  (CTR, ETR)
disk operating system:  An operating system whose principal function is to manage files and communication with one or more disk drives. DOS and ProDOS are two families of AppleII disk operating systems.  (GSF, GSH, GST, PI, P16)
Disk Operating System (DOS):  An optional software system for the AppleII family of computers that enables the computer to control and communicate with one or more disk drives. The acronym DOS rhymes with boss.  (CTR, ETR)
disk port:  The connector on the rear panel of the Apple IIGS for attaching disk drives.  (PI)
disk-based:  See disk-resident.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
disk-resident:  A program that does not remain in memory. The computer retrieves all or part of the program from the disk, as needed. Sometimes called disk-based. Compare memory-resident.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
display:  (1) A general term to describe what you see on the screen of your display device when you're using a computer. (2) Short for a display device.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
display color:  The color currently being used to draw high-resolution or low-resolution graphics on the display screen.  (CTR, ETR)
display device:  A device that displays information, such as a television set or video monitor.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
display mode:  A specification for the way in which a video display functions, including such parameters as whether displaying text or graphics, available colors, and number of pixels.  The Apple IIGS has two text display modes (40 column and 80 column), two standard Apple II graphics display modes (Hi-Res and Double Hi-Res), and two new Super Hi-Res graphics display modes ( 320 mode and 640 mode).  (GSTR, PI)
display rectangle:  A rectangle that determines where an item is displayed within a dialog box.  (GSTR, PI)
display screen:  The screen of the monitor; the area where you view text and pictures when using the computer.  (CTR, ETR)
dispose:  To permanently deallocate (a memory block).  The Memory Manager disposes of a memory block by removing its master pointer.  Any handle to that pointer will then be invalid.  Compare purge.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
dithering:  A technique for alternating the values of adjacent pixels to create the effect of intermediate values. Dithering can give the effect of shades of gray on a black-and-white display, or more colors on a color display.   (GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
dividing line:  A line that divides groups of items in a menu; such a line uses the space of an entire item and requires an item record. Compare underline.  (GSTR)
DMA:  See direct memory access.  (GSH)
DOC:  See Digital Oscillator Chip.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
document:  A file created by an application.  (GSTR, PI)
document window:  A window that displays a document.  One of the two predefined window formats.  Compare alert window.  (GSTR, PI)
dormant:  Said of a program that is not being executed, but whose essential parts are all in the computer's memory.  A dormant program may be quickly restarted because it need not be reloaded from disk.  (PI, P16)
DOS:  Acronym for disk operating system. An AppleII disk operating system. See Disk Operating System.  (GSF, GSH, GST, P16)
DOS 3.2:  An early AppleII operating system. DOS stands for Disk Operating System; 3.2 is the version number. Disks formatted using DOS 3.2 have 13 sectors per track.  (CTR, ETR)
DOS 3.3:  An operating system for the AppleII family of computers. DOS stands for Disk Operating System; 3.3 is the version number.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
Double Hi-Res:  A high-resolution graphics display mode on AppleII computers with at least 128K of RAM, consisting of an array of points 560 wide by 192 high with 16 colors.  (GSF, GSH)
double-click:  To position the pointer where you want an action to take place, and then press and release the mouse button twice in quick succession without moving the mouse.  (GSTR, PI)
draft printing:  The print method that the LaserWriter uses. QuickDraw II calls are converted directly into command codes the printer understands, which are then immediately used to drive the printer. Compare spool printing.  (GSTR, PI)
drag:  To position the pointer on something, press and hold the mouse button, move the mouse, and release the mouse button. When you release the mouse button, you either confirm a menu selection or move an object to a new location.  (GSTR, PI)
drag region:  A region in a window (usually on the title bar) in which the mouse pointer must be placed before the user can drag the window.  (GSTR, PI)
draw:  In QuickDraw II, to color pixels in a pixel image.  (GSTR, PI)
drawing environment:  The complete description of how and where drawing may take place.  Every open window on the Apple IIGS screen is associated with a GrafPort record, which specifies the window's drawing environment.  Same as port, graphic port.  (GSTR, PI)
drawing mask:  An 8-bit by 8-bit pattern that controls which pixels in the QuickDraw II pen will be modified when the pen draws.  (GSTR, PI)
drawing mode:  One of 16 possible interactions between pixels in QuickDraw II's pen pattern and pixels already on the screen that fall under the pen's path. In modeCopy mode, for example, pixels already on the screen are ignored. In modeXOR mode, on the other hand, bits in pixels on the screen are XOR'd with bits in pixels in the pen; the resulting pixels are drawn on the screen. See also pen mode, text mode.  (GSTR, PI)
drawing pen:  See pen.  (GSTR, PI)
drive:  See disk drive.  (CTR, ETR)
driver:  See device driver.  (GSTR, PI)
DSR:  Abbreviation for Data Set Ready, a signal indicating that a modem has established a connection. See Data Set Ready.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSTR)
DTE:  See Data Terminal Equipment.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
DTR:  Abbreviation for Data Terminal Ready, a signal indicating that a terminal is ready to transmit or receive data. See Data Terminal Ready.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GST)
dual in-line package (DIP):  An integrated circuit packaged in a narrow rectangular box with a row of metal pins along each side. DIP switches on the box allow you to change settings. For example, ImageWriter printer DIP switches control functions such as line feed, form length, and baud setting.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
Dvorak keyboard:  An alternate keyboard layout, also known as the American Simplified Keyboard, which increases typing speed because the keys most often used are in the positions easiest to reach. Compare QWERTY keyboard.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
dynamic ROM:  A form of read-only memory (ROM) in which data is retained in memory while the computer power is off, but is lost as soon as the system is turned on.  (GSH)
dynamic segment:  A load segment capable of being loaded during program execution.  Compare static segment.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
e flag:  A flag bit in the 65C816 that determines whether the processor is in native mode or emulation mode.  (P16)
e flag:  One of three flag bits in the 65816 processor that programs use to control the processor's operating modes.  The setting of the e flag determines whether the processor is in native mode (6502), or emulation mode (65816).  See also m flag and x flag.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
EBCDIC:  Acronym for Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code; pronounced "EB-si-dik."  A code used by IBM that represents each letter, number, special character, and control character as an 8-bit binary number. EBCDIC has a character set of 256 8-bit characters. Compare ASCII.  (CTR, ETR)
edit:  To change or modify. For example, to insert, remove, replace, or move text in a document.  (GST)
edit record:  A complete text editing environment in the Line Edit Tool Set, which includes the text to be edited, the GrafPort and rectangle in which to display the text, the arrangement of the text within the rectangle, and other editing and display information.  (GSTR, PI)
editor:  A program that helps you create and edit information of a particular form; for example, a text editor or a graphics editor.  (GST)
effective address:  In machine-language programming, the address of the memory location on which a particular instruction operates, which may be arrived at by indexed addressing or some other addressing method.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
embedded:  Contained within. For example, the string 'HUMPTY DUMPTY' is said to contain an embedded space.  (CTR, ETR)
empty handle:  A handle pointing to a NIL master pointer.  (GSTR)
emulate:  To operate in a way identical to a different system.  For example, the 65816 microprocessor in the Apple IIGS can carry out all the instructions in a program originally written for an Apple II that uses a 6502 microprocessor, thus emulating the 6502.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
emulate:  To operate in a way identical to a different system. For example, the AppleII 2780/3780 Protocol Emulator and the AppleII 3270 BSC Protocol Emulator, together with the Apple Communications Protocol Card (ACPC), allow the AppleII, AppleII Plus, or AppleIIe to emulate the operations of IBM 3278 and 3277 terminals and 3274 and 3271 control units.  (CTR, ETR)
emulation mode:  A manner of operating in which one system imitates another. In the AppleIIGS computer, the mode the 65C816 is in when the AppleIIGS is running programs written for AppleII's that use the 6502.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, P16)
enable:  To make responsive to user manipulation. A dialog or menu that is enabled can be selected by the user.  Enabling does not affect how an item is displayed.  Compare activate.  (GSTR, PI)
end-of-command mark:  A punctuation mark used to separate commands sent to a peripheral device such as a printer or plotter. Also called a command terminator.  (CTR, ETR)
end-of-file:  See EOF.  (GSTR, PI)
end-of-line character:  A character that indicates that the preceding text constitutes a full line.  (CTR, ETR)
environment:  The complete set of machine registers associated with a running program. Saving the environment allows a program to be restored to its original operating mode with all of its registers intact as though nothing had happened. Saving and restoring an environment is most often associated with calling system functions or processing interrupts.  (GSF)
EOF (end-of-file):  The logical size of a ProDOS 16 file; it is the number of bytes that may be read from or written to the file.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
erase:  In QuickDraw II, to color an area with the background pattern.  (PI)
erasing:  In QuickDraw II, to color an area with the background pattern.  (GSTR)
error:  The state of a computer after it has detected a fault in one or more commands sent to it.  Also called error condition.  (GSF, GSTR, PI, P16)
error code:  A number or other symbol representing a type of error.  (CTR, ETR, P16)
error condition:  See error.  (GSTR)
error message:  A message displayed or printed to tell you of an error or problem in the execution of a program or in your communication with the system. An error message is often accompanied by a beep.  (CTR, ETR)  A message issued by the system or application program when it has encountered an abnormal situation or an error in data.  (GSTR, PI)
Esc key:  See Escape key.  (CTR, ETR)
ESCAPE character:  An ASCII character that, with many programs and devices, allows you to perform special functions when used in combination keypresses.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
escape code:  A key sequence formed by pressing the Esc (Escape) key, followed by pressing another key. Escape codes are used to control the video firmware.  (CTR, ETR, GSF)
Escape key:  A key on AppleII-family computers that generates the Escape character. The Escape key is labeled Esc. In many applications, pressing Escape allows you to return to a previous menu or to stop a procedure.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
escape mode:  A state of the AppleIIe and IIc entered by pressing the Esc key and certain other keys. The other keys take on special meanings for positioning the cursor and controlling the display of text on the screen.  (CTR, ETR, GSF)
escape sequence:  A sequence of keystrokes, beginning with the Esc key. In escape mode, escape sequences are used for positioning the cursor and controlling the display of text on the screen. Escape sequences are also used as codes to control printers.  (CTR, ETR)
even parity:  In data transmission, the use of an extra bit set to 0 or 1 as necessary to make the total number of 1 bits an even number; used as a means of error checking. Compare MARK parity, odd parity.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
even/odd parity check:  In data transmission, a check that tests whether the number of 1 bits in a group of binary digits is even (even parity check) or odd (odd parity check).  (CTR, ETR)
event:  A notification to an application of some occurrence (such as an interrupt generated by a keypress) that the application may want to respond to.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
event code:  A numeric value assigned to each event by the Event Manager.  Compare task code.  (GSTR, PI)
Event Manager:  An Apple IIGS tool set that detects events as they happen, and passes the events on to the application or to the appropriate event handler, such as TaskMaster.  (GSTR, PI)
event mask:  A parameter passed to an Event Manager routine to specify which types of events the routine should apply to.  (GSTR, PI)
event message:  A field in the event record that contains additional information about the event.  (GSTR)
event queue:  A list of pending events maintained by the Event Manager.  (GSTR, PI)
event record:  The internal representation of an event, through which your program learns all pertinent information about that event.  (GSTR, PI)
event type:  The type of event reported to the Event Manager.  (GSTR)
event-driven:  A kind of program that responds to user inputs in real time by repeatedly testing for events posted by interrupt routines. An event-driven program does nothing until it detects an event such as a click of the mouse button.  (GST, PI, P16)
event-driven program:  A program that responds to user inputs in real time by repeatedly testing for events. An event-driven program does nothing until it detects an event such as a click of the mouse button.  (GSH, GSTR)
exclusive OR:  A logical operator that produces a true result if one of its operands is true and the other false, and a false result if its operands are both true or both false. Compare OR, AND, and NOT.  (CTR, ETR)
execute:  To perform the actions specified by a program command or sequence of commands.  (CTR, ETR)
execution environment:  See operating environment.  (GSTR)
execution mode:  One of two general states of execution of the 65C816 processor: native mode and 6502 emulation mode.  (GSTR, PI)
expansion slot:  A connector into which you can install a peripheral card. Sometimes called a peripheral slot. See also auxiliary slot, slot.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR)
expression:  A formula in a program that defines a calculation to be performed.  (CTR, ETR)
Extended 80-Column Text Card:  See AppleIIe Extended 80-Column Text Card.  (GST)
extended SmartPort call:  A SmartPort call that allows data transfer to or from anywhere in the AppleIIGS system memory space. Compare standard SmartPort call.  (GSF)
extended task event record:  A data structure based on the event record that contains information used and returned by TaskMaster.  (GSTR, PI)
Extended value:  An 80-bit signed floating-point value with 64 bits of fraction.  (GSTR)
external device:  See device.  (GSH, P16)
external reference:  A reference to a symbol that is defined in another segment. External references must be to global symbols.  (GSH)
FALSE:  Zero.  The result of a Boolean operation.  Opposite of TRUE.  (GSTR, PI)
family name:  The name identifying a font family. For example, the font family named Helvetica includes 10-point Helvetica, 12-point Helvetica Bold, and 36-point Helvetica Underlined. See also font family.  (GSTR)
family number:  The number identifying a font family. There is a one-to-one correspondence between family number and family name; that is, any two fonts with the same family number should have the same family name.  (GSTR)
FamSpecBits:  A bit flag in the Font Manager that restricts the range of font families available to a calling routine.  (GSTR)
FamStatBits:  A bit flag in the Font Manager that reports on the status of a font family.  (GSTR)
fatal error:  An error serious enough that the computer must halt execution.  (GSH, P16)
field:  A string of ASCII characters or a value that has a specific meaning to some program. Fields may be of fixed length or may be separated from other fields by field delimiters. For example, each parameter in a segment header constitutes a field.  (GSF)
FIFO:  Acronym for "first in, first out" order, as in a queue.   (CTR, ETR)
file:  A named, ordered collection of information stored on a disk.  (CTR, ETR, GSTR, PI, P16)
file control block (FCB):  A data structure set up in memory by ProDOS 16 to keep track of all open files.  (P16)
file entry or file directory entry:  The part of a ProDOS 16 directory or subdirectory that describes and points to another file. The file so described is considered to be "in" or "under" that directory.  (P16)
file level:  See system file level.  (PI, P16)
file mark:  See Mark.  (PI)
file system ID:  A number describing the general category of operating system to which a file or volume belongs. The file system ID is an input to the ProDOS 16 FORMAT call, and a result from the VOLUME call.  (P16)
file type:  An attribute in a ProDOS 16 file's directory entry that characterizes the contents of the file and indicates how the file may be used. On disk, file types are stored as numbers; in a directory listing, they are oGST, GSTR, PI, P16)
filename:  The string of characters that identifies a particular file within its directory.  ProDOS filenames may be up to 15 characters long.  Compare pathname.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
filing calls:  Operating system calls that manipulate files. In ProDOS 16, filing calls are subdivided into file housekeeping calls and file access calls.  (P16)
fill mode:  A display option in Super Hi-Res 320 mode.  In fill mode, pixels in memory with the value 0 are automatically assigned the color of the previous nonzero pixel on the scan line; the program thus need assign explicit pixel values only to change pixel colors.  (GSTR, PI)
filling:  In QuickDraw II, using a specified pattern and the drawing mask to fill the interior of a shape.  (GSTR)
filter procedure:  A procedure that allows the application programmer to control the types of events handled by the Dialog Manager.  (GSTR)
finder:  A program that performs file and disk utilities (formatting, copying, renaming, and so on) and also starts applications at the request of the user.  (P16)
firmware:  Programs stored permanently in read-only memory (ROM). Such programs (for example, the Applesoft Interpreter and the Monitor program) are built into the computer at the factory. They can be executed at any time but cannot be modified or erased from main memory.  (GST)
firmware:  Programs stored permanently in read-only memory (ROM). Such programs (for example, the Applesoft Interpreter and the Monitor program) are built into the computer at the factory. They can be executed at any time but cannot be modified or erased from main memory. Compare hardware, software.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
fixed:  Not movable in memory once allocated.  Also called immovable.  Program segments that must not be moved are placed in fixed memory blocks.  Opposite of movable.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
fixed address:  A memory block that must be at a specified address when allocated.  (GSTR)
fixed bank:  A block of memory that must start in a specified bank.  (GSTR)
Fixed value:  A 32-bit signed value with 16 bits of fraction.  (GSTR)
fixed-address:  A  memory block that must be at a specified address when allocated.  (PI)
fixed-bank:  A block of memory that must start in a specified bank.  (PI)
fixed-point:  A method of representing numbers inside the computer in which the decimal point (more correctly, the binary point) is considered to occur at a fixed position within the number. Typically, the point is considered to lie at the right end of the number so that the number is interpreted as an integer. Compare floating-point.  (CTR, ETR)
flag:  A variable whose value (usually 1 or 0, standing for true or false) indicates whether some condition holds or whether some event has occurred. A flag is used to control the program's actions at some later time.  (CTR, ETR, GSTR, PI)
floating-point:  A method of representing numbers inside the computer in which the decimal point (more correctly, the binary point) is permitted to "float" to different positions within the number. Some of the bits within the number itself are used to keep track of the point's position. Compare fixed-point.  (CTR, ETR)
floppy disk:  A disk made of flexible plastic, as compared to a hard disk, which is made of metal. The term floppy is now usually applied only to disks with thin, flexible disk jackets, such as 5.25-inch disks. With 3.5-inch disks, the disk itself is flexible, but the jacket is made of hard plastic; thus, 3.5-inch disks aren't particularly "floppy."  (CTR, ETR)
flush:  To update an open file (write any updated information to disk) without closing it.  (P16)
folder:  The visual representation of a subdirectory. See also subdirectory.  (GSTR, PI)
font:  In typography, a complete set of type in one size and style of character.  In computer usage, a collection of letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and other typographical symbols with a consistent appearance; the size and style can be changed readily. See also  font scaling.  (GST, GSTR, PI)
font bounds rectangle:  The smallest rectangle that would enclose all the pixels of every character in a font; that is, the rectangle that is the union of all the character bounds rectangles of the characters in the font.  (GSTR)
font family:  All fonts that share the same name but may vary in size or style.  For example, all fonts named Helvetica are in the same family, even though that family contains Helvetica, Helvetica  Narrow and Helvetica Bold.  (GSTR, PI)
font height:  The vertical distance from a font's ascent line to its descent line.  (GSTR, PI)
font ID:  A number that specifies a font by family, style, and size.  (GSTR, PI)
font ID record:  A record containing the number that specifies a font by family, style, and size.  (GSTR)
Font Manager:  The AppleIIGS tool set that allows applications to use different fonts.  (GSTR)
font rectangle:  The smallest rectangle that would completely enclose all the foreground pixels of the characters of a font if the characters were drawn so that their character origins coincided.  (GSTR)
font scaling:  A process by which the Font Manager creates a font at one size by enlarging or reducing characters in an existing font of another size.  (GSTR, PI)
font size:  The size of a font in points, from 1 to 255. The Font Manager defines the font size as a byte; QuickDraw II and the AppleIIGS font record define the font size as a word.  (GSTR)
font strike:  A 1 bit/pixel pixelmap consisting of the character images of every defined character in the font, placed sequentially in order of increasing ASCII code.  (GSTR, PI)
font style:  The style in which a font was designed. The Font Manager defines the style style as a byte; QuickDraw II and the AppleIIGS font record define the font style as a word.  (GSTR)
font substitution:  An option in the LaserWriter style dialog box in the Print Manager, font substitution tells the system to substitute one font for another if the specified font is not available on the LaserWriter.  (GSTR)
FontSpecBits:  A bit flag in the Font Manager that restricts the range of fonts available to a calling routine.  (GSTR)
FontStatBits:  A bit flag in the Font Manager that reports on the status of a font.  (GSTR)
foreground color:  The color of the foreground pixels in text; by default it is white.  (GSTR, PI)
foreground pixels:  In a character image, the pixels corresponding to the character itself; that is, the bits set to 1 in the image.  (GSTR)
form feed:  An ASCII character (decimal 12) that causes a printer or other paper-handling device to advance to the top of the next page.  (CTR, ETR)
format:  (n) (1)  The form in which information is organized or presented. (2)  The general shape and appearance of a printed page, including page size, character width and spacing, line spacing, and so on. (v) To divide a disk into tracks and sectors where information can be stored. Blank disks must be formatted before you can save information on them for the first time; same as initialize.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GST)
Fortran:  Short for Formula Translator. A high-level programming language especially suitable for applications requiring extensive numerical calculations, such as in mathematics, engineering, and the sciences.  (CTR, ETR)
FPI:  Abbreviation for Fast Processor Interface. A custom integrated circuit that incorporates most of the memory organization and address-decoding functions of the AppleIIGS. One of this IC's functions is to slow the system clock to 1.024 MHz whenever access to banks $E0 and E1 is detected.  (GSH)
FPT:  See function pointer table.  (GSTR)
Frac value:  A 32-bit signed value with 30 bits of fraction.  (GSTR)
fragmentation:  A condition in which free (unallocated) portions of memory are scattered due to repeated allocation and deallocation of blocks by the Memory Manager.  (GSTR)
frame region:  The part of a window that surrounds the window's content region and contains standard window controls.  (GSTR, PI)
framing:  In QuickDraw II, using the current pen size, pen pattern, drawing mask, and pen mode to draw an outline of a shape.  (GSTR)
framing error:  In serial data transfer, the absence of the expected stop bit(s) at the end of a received character.  (CTR, ETR)
frequency:  In alternating current (AC) signals, the number of complete cycles transmitted per second. Frequency is usually expressed in hertz (cycles per second), kilohertz (kilocycles per second), or megahertz (megacycles per second). In acoustics, frequency of vibration determines musical pitch. Compare duration.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
fringing:  Also known as color fringing. The undesirable effect of rainbow-like colors obscuring text on the video monitor. Occurs when 80-column text is displayed in color.  (GSH)
full duplex:  A four-wire communication circuit or protocol that allows two-way data transmission between two points at the same time. Compare half duplex.  (CTR, ETR)
full native mode:  See native mode.  (GSTR)
full pathname:  The complete name by which a file is specified, starting with the volume directory name.  A full pathname always begins with a slash (/), because a volume directory name always begins with a slash.  See also pathname.  (GSTR, PI)
function:  A preprogrammed calculation that can be carried out on request from any point in a program. A function takes in one or more arguments and returns a single value. It can therefore be embedded in an expression.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
function pointer table (FPT):  A table, maintained by the Tool Locator, that points to all routines in a given tool set.  (GSTR, PI)
game I/O connector:  A 16-pin connector inside all the open models of the AppleII, originally designed for connecting hand controls to the computer, but also used for connecting some other peripheral devices. Compare hand control connector.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
GCB:  See generator control block.  (GSTR)
General Logic Unit:  A class of custom integrated circuits used as interfaces between different parts of the computer.  (GSH)
general logic unit:  See GLU.  (GSTR, PI)
generator:  In the swap mode of the DOC, a functional unit formed from a pair of oscillators.  (GSTR)
generator control block (GCB):  A 16-byte block in the sound routines' work area that controls one generator.  (GSTR)
GETLN:  The firmware routine that a program calls to obtain an entire line of characters from the currently active input device.  (GSF)
GetNextEvent:  The Event Manager call that an application can make on each cycle through its main event loop.  Compare TaskMaster.  (GSTR, PI)
global coordinates:  The coordinate system assigned to a pixel image (such as screen memory) that QuickDraw II draws to. In global coordinates, the boundary rectangle's origin (top left corner) has the value (0,0). Compare local coordinates.  (GSTR, PI)
global page:  Under ProDOS 8, 256 bytes of data at a fixed location in memory, containing useful system information (such as a list of active devices) available to any application.  (P16)
global page bit map:  A portion of the ProDOS 8 global page that keeps track of memory use in the computer. Applications under ProDOS 8 are responsible for marking and clearing parts of the bit map that correspond to memory they have allocated or freed.  (P16)
global symbol:  A label in a segment that may be referenced by other segments.  Compare with local symbol, private symbol.  (PI)
GLU:  Abbreviation of general logic unit, a class of custom integrated circuits used as interfaces between different parts of the computer. See General Logic Unit.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
go-away region:  A region in a window frame, corresponding to the close box.  Clicking inside this region of the active window makes the window close or disappear.  (GSTR, PI)
GrafPort:  A data structure (record) that specifies a complete drawing environment, including such elements as a pixel image, boundaries within which to draw, a character font, patterns for drawing and erasing, and other pen characteristics.  (GSTR, PI)
graph:  A pictorial representation of data.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
graphic interface:  An interface between computer and user in which all screen drawing or other output, including text, is done by graphic routines.  Desktop programs use a graphic interface.  Compare text-based interface.  (PI)
graphic port:  A specification for how and where QuickDraw II draws.  A graphic port is defined by its GrafPort record; an application may have more that one graphic port open at one time, each defined by its own GrafPort.  Same as drawing environment.  (GSTR, PI)
graphics:  (1) Information presented in the form of pictures or images. (2) The display of pictures or images on a computer's display screen. Compare text.  (CTR, ETR, GST)  The display by a computer on a video monitor of data in memory, to visually represent figures, charts, graphs, or icons. In the AppleIIGS, each pixel on the monitor screen is directly controllable by bits in the screen. See also bit map.  (GSH)
grow box:  A small square in the lower-right corner of some windows, with which the user can resize the window.  The grow box corresponds to the grow region.  (PI)
grow image:  A dotted outline of an entire window plus the lines delimiting the title bar, size box, and scroll bar areas. The image can be pulled around to follow the movements of the mouse until the mouse button is released.  (GSTR)
grow region:  A window region in which dragging changes the size of the window.  (GSTR, PI)
guest file system:  A file system, other than ProDOS 16's, whose files can be read by ProDOS 16.  (P16)
half duplex:  A two-wire communication circuit or protocol designed for data transmission in either direction but not both directions simultaneously. Compare full duplex.  (CTR, ETR)
hand control:  A hand-held device with a knob and pushbutton that provides the user with a means for inputting stimuli to the computer for the purpose of controlling the application program. Usually used in conjunction with game software. Compare joystick.   (GSH)
hand control connector:  A 9-pin connector on the back panel of the AppleIIe and IIc computers, used for connecting hand controls to the computer. Compare gameI/O connector.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
hand controller:  Peripheral devices, with rotating dials and push buttons. Hand controllers are used to control game-playing programs, but they can also be used in other applications.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
handle:  See memory handle.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
handshaking:  The exchange of status information between a DCE (Data Comunications Equipment) and a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment), usually a computer and a peripheral device, used to control the transfer of data between them. The status information can be the state of a signal connecting the DCE and the DTE, or it can be in the form of a character transmitted with the rest of the data. See also XOFF, XON.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
hang:  To cease operation because either an expected condition is not satisfied or an infinite loop is occurring. A computer that's hanging is called a hung system. Compare crash.  (CTR, ETR)
hard disk:  A disk made of metal and sealed into a drive or cartridge. A hard disk can store very large amounts of information compared to a floppy disk.  (CTR, ETR)
hard disk drive:  A device that holds a hard disk, retrieves information from it, and saves information to it. Hard disks made for microprocessors are permanently sealed into the drives.  (CTR, ETR)
hardware:  Collectively, electronic circuit components and associated fittings and attachments. In computers, the computer itself (the processor), disk drives, and other peripheral equipment. The saying goes, "If you can touch it, it's hardware. If you can't, it's software." Compare firmware, software.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GSTR, PI)
Heartbeat Interrupt Task Queue:  A list of tasks, such as cursor-movement updating or checking stack size, to be performed during vertical blanking.  Heartbeat tasks are manipulated by the Miscellaneous Tool Set.  (PI)
Heartbeat routines:  Routines that execute at some multiple of the heartbeat interrupt signal, which occurs during the vertical blanking interval (every 1/60 of a second).  (GSTR, PI)
hertz:  The unit of frequency of vibration or oscillation, defined as the number of cycles per second. Named for the physicist Heinrich Hertz and abbreviated Hz. See also kilohertz, megahertz.  (GST)
hertz:  The unit of frequency of vibration or oscillation, defined as the number of cycles per second. Named for the physicist Heinrich Hertz and abbreviated Hz. The 6502 microprocessor used in the 8-bit AppleII systems operates at a clock frequency of about 1 million hertz, or 1 megahertz (MHz). The 68000 microprocessor used in the Macintosh operates at 7.8336 MHz.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
hex:  See hexadecimal.  (GSTR, PI)
hexadecimal:  The base-16 system of numbers, using the ten digits 0 through 9 and the six letters A through F. Hexadecimal numbers can be converted easily and directly to binary form, because each hexadecimal digit corresponds to a sequence of 4 bits. In Apple manuals, hexadecimal numbers are usually preceded by a dollar sign ($).  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH GST, PI, P16)
hexadecimal, hex:  The representation of numbers in the base-16 system, using the ten digits 0 through 9 and the six letters A through F. Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to a sequence of four binary digits, or bits. Hexadecimal numbers are usually preceded by a dollar sign($).  (GSTR)
Hi-Res:  A high-resolution graphics display mode on the AppleII family of computers, consisting of an array of pixels 140 wide by 192 high in 6 colors or 280 wide by 192 high in monochrome.   (GSF, GSH, GST)
hide:  To make invisible (but not necessarily to discard) an object on the screen such as a window.  (GSTR, PI)
hierarchical file system:  A method of organization in which disk files are grouped together within directories and subdirectories. In a hierarchical file system, a file is specified by its pathname, rather than by a single filename.  (P16)
high ASCII characters:  ASCII characters with decimal values of 128 to 255. Called high ASCII because their high bit (first binary digit) is set to 1 (for on) rather than 0 (for off ).  (CTR, ETR)
high order:  The most significant part of a numerical quantity. In normal representation, the high-order bit of a binary value is in the leftmost position; likewise, the high-order byte of a binary word or longword quantity consists of the leftmost 8 bits.  (GSF)
high-level language:  A programming language that is relatively easy for people to understand. A single statement in a high-level language typically corresponds to several instructions of machine language. Compare low-level language.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
high-order:  Referring to the most significant part of a numerical quantity. In normal representation, the high-order bit of a binary value is in the leftmost position; likewise, the high-order byte of a binary word or long word consists of the leftmost 8 bits.  (GSH, P16)
high-order byte:  The more significant half of a memory address or other multi-byte quantity. In the 6502 microprocessor used in the AppleII family of computers, the low-order byte of an address is usually stored first, and the high-order byte second. (In the 68000 microprocessors used in the Macintosh family, the high-order byte is stored first.)  (CTR, ETR, GST)
high-resolution graphics:  On the 8-bit Apple II family the display of graphics on a screen as a six-color array of points, 280 columns wide and 192 rows high. When a text window is in use, the visible high-resolution graphics display is 280 by 160 points.  (CTR, ETR)
highlight:  To make something visually distinct. For example, when a button on a dialog box is selected, it appears as light letters on a dark background, rather than dark on light. An active window or control is highlighted differently than an inactive one.  (GSTR, PI)
HodgePodge:  A sample Apple IIGS desktop application; the program described in this book.  (PI)
hold time:  In computer circuits, the amount of time a signal must remain valid after some related signal has been turned off. Compare setup time.   (CTR, ETR)
horizontal blanking:  The interval between the drawing of each scan line on a video display.  (GSTR, PI)
hot spot:  The interval between the drawing of each scan line on a video display.  (GSTR)
Human Interface Guidelines:  A set of software development guidelines designed by Apple Computer to support the desktop concept and to promote uniform user interfaces in AppleII and Macintosh applications.  (GSF, GSTR, PI, P16)
Hz:  See hertz.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
i flag:  A bit in the 65816 microprocessor's Processor Status register that, if set to 1, disables interrupts.  (GSTR, PI)
I/O:  Input/Output. A general term that encompasses input/output activity, the devices that accomplish it, and the data involved. See input/output.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
I/O device:  Input/output device. A device that transfers information into or out of a computer. See input, output, peripheral device.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
I/O expansion slots:  The seven rectangular connectors located on Apple IIGS main logic board. These slots will accept standard Apple II peripheral cards and allow the computer to communicate with peripherals such as printers and disk drives. See also peripheral card.  (GSH)
I/O link:  A fixed location that contains the address of an input/output subroutine in the computer's Monitor program.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
I/O space:  The portion of the memory map in a standard Apple II (and in banks $00, $01, $E0, and $E1 of an Apple IIGS) with addresses between $C000 and $CFFF.  Programs perform I/O by writing to or reading from locations in this I/O space.  (GSTR, PI)
IC:  See integrated circuit.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, PI)
icon:  An image that graphically represents an object, a concept, or a message.   (GSF, GST, GSTR, PI)
image:  A representation of the contents of memory.  A code image consists of machine-language instructions or data that may be loaded unchanged into memory.  See also pixel image.  (GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
image pointer:  In QuickDraw II, the pointer to the first byte of a pixel image.  (GSTR)
image width:  (1) Part of the QuickDraw II locInfo record that specifies the width of each line of a pixel image; the width must be an even multiple of 8 bytes. (2) For characters, same as character image width.  (GSTR)
immediate execution:  The execution of a program statement as soon as it is typed. In BASIC, immediate execution occurs when the line is typed without a line number; immediate execution allows you to try out nearly every statement immediately to see how it works. Compare deferred execution.  (CTR, ETR)
immovable:  See fixed.  (GSTR)
implement:  To put into practical effect, as to implement a plan. For example, a language translator implements a particular language.   (CTR, ETR, GST)
IN#:  This command designates the source of subsequent input characters. It can be used to designate a device in a slot or a machine-language routine as the source of input.  (CTR, ETR)
inactive:  Controls that have no meaning or effect in the current context, such as an Open button when no document has been selected to be opened. These inactive controls are not affected by the user's mouse actions and are dimmed on the screen.  Compare disable.  (GSTR, PI)
index:  (1) A number used to identify a member of a list or table by its sequential position. (2) A list or table whose entries are identified by sequential position. (3) In machine-language programming, the variable component of an indexed address, contained in an index register and added to the base address to form the effective address.  (CTR, ETR)
index block:  A 512-byte part of a ProDOS 16 standard file that consists entirely of pointers to other parts (data blocks) of the file.  (P16)
index register:  A register in a computer processor that holds an index for use in indexed addressing.  The 6502 and 65C816 microprocessors used in the Apple II family of computers have two index registers, called the X register and the Y register.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
index variable:  A variable whose value changes on each pass through a loop. Often called control variable or loop variable.  (CTR, ETR)
indexed addressing:  A method used in machine language programming to specify memory addresses. See also memory location.   (CTR, ETR, GST)
indicator:  On a dial type of control, the moving part that displays the current setting.  (GSTR)
infinite loop:  A section of a program that will repeat the same sequence of actions indefinitely.   (CTR, ETR)
information bar:  An optional component of a window.  If present, the information bar appears just below the title bar.  It may contain any information the application that created the window wishes.  (GSTR, PI)
initial load file:  The first file of a program to be loaded into memory. It contains the program's main segment and the load file tables (Jump Table segment and Pathname segment) needed to load dynamic segments and run-time libraries.  (P16)
initialization segment:  A segment in an initial load file that is loaded and executed independently of the rest of the program.  It is commonly executed first, to perform any initialization that the program may require.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
initialization file:  A program (in the SYSTEM.SETUP subdirectory of the boot disk) that is loaded and executed at system startup, independently of any application.  (PI)
initialize:  (1) To set to an initial state or value in preparation for some computation. (2) To prepare a blank disk to receive information by organizing its surface into tracks and sectors; see format.  (CTR, ETR, GSF)
initialized disk:  A disk that has been organized into tracks and sectors by the computer and is therefore ready to store information.  (CTR, ETR)
input:  (n) Information transferred into a computer from some external source, such as the keyboard, a disk drive, or a modem.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
input device:  The keyboard is the main input device for the AppleIIGS. Other possible input devices are the mouse and the graphics tablet. Almost any device may be used as an ADB input device, as long as it conforms to the Apple Desktop Bus protocol. Chapter6 provides details on the ADB.  (GSH)
input routine:  A machine-language routine; the standard input routine reads characters from the keyboard. A different input routine might, for example, read them from an external terminal.  (CTR, ETR)
input/output (I/O):  The process by which information is transferred between the computer's memory and its keyboard or peripheral devices.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, P16)
insertion point:  The place in a document where something will be added; it is selected by clicking and is normally represented by a blinking vertical bar.  (GSTR, PI)
instruction:  A unit of a machine-language or assembly-language program corresponding to a single action for the computer's processor to perform.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
instrument:  A data structure, used by the Note Sequencer and Synthesizer, that specifies such parameters as the amplitude envelope, pitchbend and vibrato characteristics, and the specific waveforms that characterize the sound to be played.  (PI)
integer:  A whole number in fixed-point form. Compare real number.  (CTR, ETR, PI)
Integer BASIC:  A version of the BASIC programming language used by the AppleII family of computers. Integer BASIC is older than Applesoft BASIC and is capable of processing numbers in integer (fixed-point) form only. Many games are written in Integer BASIC because its instructions can be executed very quickly. Compare Applesoft BASIC.  (CTR, ETR)
Integer Math String:  An ASCII string with no length indication supplied by the string itself.  (GSTR)
Integer Math Tool Set:  The AppleIIGS tool set that performs simple mathematical functions on integers and other fixed-point numbers and converts numbers to their ASCII string-equivalents.  (GSTR, PI)
Integer value:  A 16-bit signed or unsigned value.  (GSTR)
integrated circuit:  An electronic circuit, including components and interconnections, entirely contained in a single piece of semiconducting material, usually silicon. Often referred to as an IC or a chip.  (CTR, ETR, GST, PI)  A miniature electronic circuit consisting of many thousands of transistors and other electronic components by processing a chip of semiconductor material. This chip is then cast in a plastic or ceramic package with metal leads or "legs" used to connect it to a circuit board. Categories of ICs are labeled due to their construction process: monolothic, hybrid, and thin-film are some. Almost any electronic circuit may be miniaturized and made into an integrated circuit.  (GSH)
intelligent device:  A device containing a microprocessor and a program that allows the device to interpret data sent to it as commands that the device is to perform.  (GSF)
interactive:  Operating by means of a dialog between the computer system and a human user.  (GST)
interface:  (1) The point at which independent systems or diverse groups interact. The devices, rules, or conventions by which one component of a system communicates with another. Also, the point of communication between a person and a computer. (2) The part of a program that defines constants, variables, and data structures, rather than procedures themselves.  (CTR, ETR, GST, PI)
interface card:  A peripheral card that implements a particular interface (such as a parallel or serial interface) by which the computer can communicate with a peripheral device such as a printer or modem.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
interface library:  A set of variable definitions and data-structure definitions that link a program (such as a C application) with software written in another language (such as the Apple IIGS Toolbox).  (GSTR, PI)
interpreter:  A language translator that reads a program instruction by instruction and immediately translates each instruction for the computer to carry out. Compare compiler.  (CTR, ETR, GSF)
interrupt:  A request made of the microprocessor by a device, either built-in or external, to receive urgent data or respond to a recent event. Disk drives make interrupt requests of the microprocessor, as do the real-time clock and the mouse firmware in the AppleIIGS.  (GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)  A temporary suspension in the execution of a program that allows the computer to perform some other task, typically in response to a signal from a peripheral device or other source external to the computer.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
interrupt environment:  The machine state, including register length and contents, that the interrupt handler executes within.  (GSTR, PI)
interrupt handler:  A program, associated with a particular external device, that executes whenever that device sends an interrupt signal to the computer. The interrupt handler performs its tasks during the interrupt, then returns control to the computer so it may resume program execution.  (GSF, GSH, P16)
interrupt mode:  A mode in which interrupts are used to synchronize drawing with vertical blanking.  (GSTR)
interrupt vector table:  A table maintained in memory by ProDOS 16 that contains the addresses of all currently active (allocated) interrupt handlers.  (GSH, P16)
INTERSEG record:  A part of a relocation dictionary. It contains relocation information for external (intersegment) references.  (P16)
inverse video:  The display of text on the computer's display screen in the form of dark dots on a light (or other single phosphor color) background, instead of the usual light dots on a dark background.  (CTR, ETR)
invert:  To highlight by changing white pixels to black and vice versa.  (PI)
inverting:  In QuickDraw II, using the drawing mask to invert the pixels in the interior of a shape.  (GSTR)
IRQ:  A 65C816 signal line that, when activated, causes an interrupt request to be generated.  (GSF)
item:  A component of a dialog box, such as a button, a text field, or an icon.  (GSTR, PI)
item descriptor:  In a dialog box, a pointer or a handle to additional information concerning a dialog item.  (GSTR)
item ID:  A unique number that defines an item in a dialog box and allows further reference to it.  (GSTR, PI)
item line:  The line of text that defines a menu item's name and appearance.  (GSTR, PI)
item list:  A list of information about all the items in a dialog box or an alert box.  (GSTR, PI)
item template:  A record that contains information about the items in a dialog box.  (GSTR)
item type:  Identifies the type of dialog item, usually represented by a predefined constant (such as editLine) or a series of constants (such as editLine+itemDisable).  (GSTR, PI)
item value:  In a dialog box, additional information concerning a dialog item.  (GSTR)
IWM:  "Integrated Woz Machine"; the custom chip that controls Apple's 3.5-inch disk drives.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
JML:  Unconditional Long Jump; a 65C816 assembly-language op code. It takes a 3-byte address operand. A JML can reach any address in the Apple IIGS memory space.  (P16)
JMP:  Unconditional Jump; a 6502 and 65C816 assembly-language op code. It takes a 2-byte address operand. A JMP can reach addresses only within a single 64K bank of the Apple IIGS memory space.  (P16)
job dialog box:  A dialog box presented when the user selects Print from the File menu.  (GSTR, PI)
job subrecord:  A field in the print record that contains information about a particular printing job. See also print record.  (GSTR)
journaling mechanism:  A mechanism that can separate the Event Manager from the user and feed the manager events from a file.  (GSTR)
joystick:  A peripheral device with a lever, typically used to move creatures and objects in game programs; a joystick can also be used in applications such as computer-aided design and graphics programs.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, PI)
JSL:  Jump to Subroutine (Long), a 65816 assembly-language instruction that requires a long (3-byte) address.  JSL can be used to transfer execution to code in another memory bank.  (PI, P16, GSTR)
JSR:  Jump to Subroutine, a 6502 and 65816 assembly-language instruction that requires a 2-byte address.  (GSTR, PI, P16)  A JSR can access addresses only within a single 64K bank of the Apple IIGS memory space.  (P16)
Jump Table:  (1) A table constructed in memory by the System Loader from all Jump Table segments encountered during a load. The Jump Table contains all references to dynamic segments that may be called during execution of the program. (2) The mechanism the Sound Tool Set uses to find a low-level sound routine.  (GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
Jump Table directory:  A master list in memory, containing pointers to all segments that make up the Jump Table.  (P16)
Jump Table segment:  A segment in a load file that contains all references to dynamic segments that may be called during execution of that load file. The Jump Table segment is created by the linker. In memory, the loader combines all Jump Table segments it encounters into the Jump Table.  (GSTR, P16)
K:  Abbreviation for the prefix kilo-, meaning 1024. A kilobyte (expressed 1K) of memory is 1024 memory locations. See kilobyte.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
kernel:  The central part of an operating system. ProDOS 16 is the kernel of the Apple IIGS operating system.  (P16)
kerning:  The situation that occurs when a character has foreground pixels to the left of the old pen position or to the right of the new pen position or both. When kerning occurs, the character images of adjacent characters may overlap.  (GSTR)
key block:  The first block in any ProDOS 16 file.  (P16)
key-down:  An event type caused by the user's pressing any character key on the keyboard or keypad. The character keys include all keys except Shift, Caps Lock, Control, Option, and Apple, which are called modifier keys. Modifier keys are treated differently and generate no keyboard events of their own.  (PI)
key-down event:  An event type caused by the user pressing any character key on the keyboard or keypad. The character keys include all keys except Shift, Caps Lock, Control, Option, and Apple, which are called modifier keys. Modifier keys are treated differently and generate no keyboard events of their own.  (GSTR)
keyboard:  The set of keys, similar to a typewriter keyboard, used for entering information into the computer.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
keyboard equivalent:  The combination of the Apple key and another key, used to invoke a menu item from the keyboard.  (GSTR, PI)
keyboard input connector:  The connector inside the AppleII family of computers by which the keyboard is connected to the computer.  (CTR, ETR)
KEYIN:  The firmware entry point that a program calls to obtain a keystroke from the currently active input device (normally the keyboard).  (GSF)
keyword:  A special word or sequence of characters that identifies a particular type of statement or command, such as RUN, BRUN, or PRINT.  (CTR, ETR)
kilobit:  A unit of measurement, 1024 bits, commonly used in specifying the capacity of memory ICs. Not to be confused with kilobyte.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
kilobyte:  A unit of measurement, 1024 bytes, commonly used in specifying the capacity of memory or disk storage systems. In this usage, kilo (from the Greek, meaning a thousand) stands for 1024. Thus, 64K memory equals 65,536 bytes. See also megabyte. Compare kilobit.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
kilohertz:  A unit of measurement of frequency, equal to 1000 hertz (abbreviated kHz). See also megahertz.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
kind:  See segment kind.  (PI, P16)
KSW:  The symbolic name of the location in the computer's memory where the standard input link (namely, to the keyboard) is stored. KSW stands for keyboard switch.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
landscape mode:  A printing mode in which text is printed top to bottom (that is, longways) on the paper.  (GSTR)
language:  See programming language.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
language card:  Memory with addresses between $D000 and $FFFF in any Apple II-family computer.  It includes two RAM banks in the $Dxxx space, called bank-switched memory.  The language card was originally a peripheral card for the 48K Apple II or Apple II Plus that expanded the computer's memory capacity to 64K and provided space for an additional dialect of BASIC.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, PI, P16)
language translator:  A system program that reads another program written in a particular programming language and either executes it directly or converts it into some other language (such as machine language) for later execution. See interpreter, compiler, assembler.  (CTR, ETR)
language-card memory:  Memory with addresses between $D000 and $FFFF on any AppleII-family computer. It includes two RAM banks in the $Dxxx space, called bank-switched memory. The language card was originally a peripheral card for the 48K AppleII or AppleII Plus computer that expanded the computer's memory capacity to 64K and provided space for an additional dialect of BASIC.  (GSF)
last-changeable location:  The last location whose value the user inquired about through the Monitor.  (GSF)
leading:  (Pronounced LED-ing.)  The space between lines of text.  It is the number of pixels vertically between the descent line of one character and the ascent line of the character immediately beneath it.  (GSTR, PI)
leading zero:  A zero occurring at the beginning of a decimal number, deleted by most computing programs.  (CTR, ETR)
least significant bit:  The rightmost bit of a binary number. The least significant bit contributes the smallest quantity to the value of the number. Compare most significant bit.  (CTR, ETR)
leftward kern:  For characters, the distance in pixels from the character origin to the left edge of the character.  (GSTR)
length byte:  The first byte of a Pascal string.  It specifies the length of the string, in bytes.  (GSTR, PI)
level:  See system file level.  (P16)
library (or library file):  An object file containing program segments, each of which can be used in any number of programs.  The linker can search through the library file for segments that have been referenced in the program source file.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
library dictionary segment:  The first segment of a library file; it contains a list of all the symbols in the file together with their locations in the file.  The linker uses the library dictionary segment to find the segments it needs.  (PI)
LIFO:  Acronym for "first in, last out" order, as in a stack.  (CTR, ETR)
limit rectangle:  The rectangle that limits the travel of a region that is being dragged with the mouse.  (GSTR)
line:  In QuickDraw II, an infinitely thin graphic object that is represented by its ends, which are defined by two points.  (GSTR, PI)  Also see program line.  (CTR, ETR)
line feed:  An ASCII character (decimal 10) that ordinarily causes a printer or video display to advance to the next line.  (CTR, ETR)
line height:  The total amount of vertical space from line to line in a text document.  Line height is the sum of ascent, descent, and leading.  (GST, GSTR, PI)
line number:  A number identifying a program line in an Applesoft BASIC program.  (CTR, ETR)
line width:  The number of characters that fit on a line on the screen or on a page.  (CTR, ETR)
LineEdit Tool Set:  The Apple IIGS tool set that provides simple text-editing functions.  It is used mostly in dialog boxes.  (GSTR, PI)
link:  An area in memory that contains an address and a jump instruction. Programs are written to jump to the link address. Other programs can modify this address to make everything behave differently. COUT and KEYIN are examples of I/O links.  (GSF)
LinkEd:  A command language that can be used to control the APW Linker.  (PI)
linker:  A program that combines files generated by compilers and assemblers, resolves all symbolic references, and generates a file that can be loaded into memory and executed.  (P16, PI)
Lisa:  A model of Apple computer; the first computer that offered windows and the use of a mouse to choose commands. The Lisa is now known as the Macintosh XL.  (PI)
list:  As defined by the List Manager, a scrollable, vertical arrangement of similar items on the screen; the items are selectable by the user. See list control.  (GSTR, PI)  To display on a monitor, or print on a printer, the contents of memory or of a file.  (CTR, ETR)
list control:  A custom control created by the List Manager.  It is a scrollable, vertical arrangement of similar items on the screen; the items are selectable by the user.  (GSTR, PI)
list control record:  A data structure that defines the appearance of a list control after the control has been created.  (GSTR)
List Manager:  The Apple IIGS Tool set that allows an application to present the user with a list from which to choose (for example, the Font Manager uses the List Manager to arrange lists of fonts).  (GSTR, PI)
list record:  A data structure that defines the initial appearance of a list control.  (GSTR)
Lo-Res:  The lowest resolution graphics display mode on the AppleII family of computers, consisting of an array of blocks 48 high by 40 wide with 16 colors.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
load:  To transfer information from a peripheral storage medium (such as a disk) into main memory for use-for example, to transfer a program into memory for execution.  (CTR, ETR, GST, PI)
load file:  The output of the linker.  Load files contain memory images that the system loader can load into memory, together with relocation dictionaries that the loader uses to relocate references.  (PI, P16)
load segment:  A segment in a load file.  Any number of object segments can go into the same load segment.  (PI, P16)
loader:  A program that brings files from a disk into the computer's memory.  (GST)
local:  Connected to or close by the host system.  (CTR)
local area network:  A high-speed data communication channel that provides connections between computers, disk drives, printers, and other peripherals in a limited geographic area, such as within a single building or campus.  (GSH)
local coordinates:  A coordinate system unique to each GrafPort and independent of the global coordinates of the pixel image that the port is associated with.  For example, local coordinates do not change as a window is dragged across the screen; global coordinates do not change as a window's contents are scrolled.  (GSTR, PI)
local symbol:  A label defined only within an individual segment.  Other segments cannot reference the label.  Compare with global symbol.  (PI)
location:  See memory location.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
location table:  In a font, an array of integers with an entry for each character code.  (GSTR)
locInfo:  Acronym for location information. The data structure (record) that ties the coordinate plane to an indvidual pixel image in memory.  (GSTR, PI)
lock:  To prevent a memory block from being moved or purged.  A block may be locked or unlocked by a call to the Memory Manager.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
logic:  (1) In microcomputers, a mathematical treatment of formal logic using a set of symbols to represent quantities and relationships that can be translated into switching circuits, or gates. AND, OR, and NOT are examples of logical gates. Each gate has two states, open or closed, allowing the application of binary numbers for solving problems. (2) The systematic scheme that defines the interactions of signals in the design of an automatic data processing system.  (CTR, ETR)
logic board:  See main logic board.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
logical operator:  An operator, such as AND, that combines logical values to produce a logical result, such as true or false; sometimes called a Boolean operator. Compare arithmetic operator, relational operator.  (CTR, ETR)
long (or long word):  A double-length word. For the AppleIIGS, a long word is 32 bits (4 bytes) long.  (GSH, PI)
Longint value:  A 32-bit signed or unsigned value.  (GSTR)
loop:  A section of a program that is executed repeatedly until a limit or condition is met, such as an index variable's reaching a specified ending value.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
loop variable:  See index variable.  (CTR, ETR)
low order:  The least significant part of a numerical quantity. In normal representation, the low-order bit of a binary number is in the rightmost position; likewise, the low-order byte of a binary word or longword quantity consists of the rightmost 8 bits.  (GSF)
low-level language:  A programming language that is relatively close to the form the computer's processor can execute directly. One statement in a low-level language corresponds to a single machine-language instruction. Compare high-level language.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
low-order:  Referring to the least significant part of a numerical quantity. In normal representation, the low-order bit of a binary number is in the rightmost position; likewise, the low-order byte of a binary word or long word consists of the rightmost 8 bits.  (GSH, P16)
low-order byte:  The least significant byte of a memory address or other multi-byte quantity. In the 6502 and 65C816 microprocessors used in the AppleII family of computers, the low-order byte of an address is usually stored first, and the high-order byte last. (In the 68000 microprocessors used in the Macintosh family, the high-order byte is stored first.)  (GST, CTR, ETR)
low-power Schottky (LS):  A type of transistor-transistor logic (TTL) integrated circuit having lower power and higher speed than a conventional TTL integrated circuit; named for Walter Schottky (1886-1956), a semiconductor physicist.  (CTR, ETR)
low-resolution graphics:  The display of graphics on a display screen as a 16-color array of blocks, 40 columns wide and 48 rows high. For example, on a Macintosh when the text window is in use, the visible low-resolution graphics display is 40 by 40 plotting points-that is, 40 by 40 pixels. See high-resolution graphics.  (CTR, ETR)
LS:  See low-power Schottky.  (CTR, ETR)
m flag:  One of three flags in the 65816 microprocessor's Processor Status register that controls execution mode. When the m flag is set to 1, the accumulator is 8 bits wide; otherwise, it is 16 bits wide. See also e flag, x flag.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
machine language:  The form in which instructions to a computer are stored in memory for direct execution by the computer's processor. Each model of computer processor (such as the 6502 microprocessor used in 8-bit AppleII computers) has its own form of machine language.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
Macintosh:  A family of Apple computers built around 68000 microprocessors, having high-resolution black-and-white displays and using mouse devices for choosing commands and for drawing pictures.  (GST, GSTR, PI)
macro:  A single keystroke or command that a program replaces with several keystrokes or commands.  For example, the APW Editor allows you to define macros that execute several editor keystroke commands; the APW Assembler allows you to define macros that execute instructions and directives.  Macros are almost like higher-level language instructions, making assembly-language programs easier to write and complex keystrokes easier to execute.  (GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
macro assembler:  A type of assembler that allows the programmer to define sequences of several assembly-language instructions as single pseudo-instructions called macros.  (GST)
macro library:  A file of related macros.  (GSTR, PI)
main event loop:  The central routine of an event-driven program. During execution, the program continually cycles through the main event loop, branching off to handle events as they occur and then returning to the event loop.  (GSTR, PI)
main logic board:  A large circuit board that holds RAM, ROM, the microprocessor, custom integrated circuits, and other components that make the computer a computer.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
main memory:  The part of a computer's memory whose contents are directly accessible to the microprocessor; usually synonymous with random-access memory (RAM). Programs are loaded into main memory, and that's where the computer keeps information while you're working. Sometimes simply called memory. See also read-only memory, read-write memory.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
main segment:  The first static segment (other than initialization segments) in the initial load file of a program. It is loaded at startup and never removed from memory until the program terminates.  (P16)
mainframe computer:  A central processing unit or computer that is larger and more powerful than a minicomputer or a personal computer (microcomputer). Frequently called simply a mainframe for short. The Apple Access II program and MacTerminal make it possible to communicate with mainframe computers over telecommunications media.   (CTR, ETR)
mainID:  A subfield of the User ID.  Each running program is assigned a unique mainID.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
manager:  See tool set.  (GSTR, PI)
Mark:  The current position in an open file.  It is the point in the file at which the next read or write operation will occur.  (PI, P16)
Mark List:  A table maintained in memory by the System Loader to help it perform relocation rapidly.  (P16)
MARK parity:  A bit of value 1 appended to a binary number for transmission. The receiving device checks for errors by looking for this value on each character. Compare even parity, odd parity.   (CTR, ETR, GST)
mask:  (n) A parameter, typically one or more bytes long, whose individual bits are used to permit or block particular features.  See, for example, event mask.  (v) To apply a mask.  (GSTR, PI)
master color value:  A 2-byte number that specifies the relative intensities of the red, green, and blue signals output by the Apple IIGS video hardware.  (GSTR, PI)
master index block:  The key block in a ProDOS 16 tree file, the largest organization of a standard file that ProDOS 16 can support. The master index block consists solely of pointers to one or more index blocks.  (P16)
master pointer:  A pointer to a memory block; it is kept by the Memory Manager. Each allocated memory block has a master pointer, but the block is normally accessed through its memory handle (which points to the master pointer), rather than through the master pointer itself. See also memory handle.  (GSTR, P16)
master User ID:  The value of a User ID, disregarding the contents of the auxID field.  If an application allocates various memory blocks and assigns them unique ID's consisting of different auxID values added to its own User ID, then all will share the same Master User ID and all can be purged or disposed with a single call.  (GSTR, PI)
Mb:  See megabyte.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
Mega II:  A custom large-scale integrated circuit that incorporates most of the timing and control circuits of the standard AppleII. It addresses 128K of RAM organized as 64K main and auxiliary banks and provides the standard AppleII video display modes, both text (40-column and 80-column) and graphics (Lo-Res, Hi-Res, and Double Hi-Res).   (GSF, GSH, GST)
megabit:  A unit of measurement equal to 1,048,576 (216) bits, or 1024 kilobits. Megabits are commonly used in specifying the capacity of memory integrated circuits. Not to be confused with megabyte.  (GSF, GSH, GST, P16)
megabyte:  1,048,576 bytes or 1024 kilobytes, usually used to describe a range or size of memory. Compare megabit.  (GSH)
megabyte:  A unit of measurement equal to 1,048,576 (216) bytes, or 1024 kilobytes. Megabytes are commonly used in specifying the capacity of memory or disk storage systems.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, PI)
megahertz (MHz):  A unit of measurement of frequency, equal to 1,000,000 hertz (cycles per second).  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
memory:  A hardware component of a computer system that can store information for later retrieval. See main memory, random-access memory, read-only memory, read-write memory.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
memory attributes word:  A word that determines how a specified memory block is allocated and maintained.  (GSTR)
memory block:  See block (2).  (GSF, GSTR, PI, P16)
memory expansion card:  A slot card that contains additional RAM and ROM memory. In the AppleIIGS, this optional expansion card is to be used only in the memory expansion slot. Memory expansion cards for use in the AppleIIe are not to be used in this computer.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI)
memory expansion slot:  The single slot located on the Apple IIGS main logic board which accepts an Apple IIGS memory expansion card. Memory expansion cards designed for other Apple II computers will not work in this slot.  (GSH)
memory fragmentation:  A condition in which free (unallocated) portions of memory are scattered because of repeated allocation and deallocation of blocks by the Memory Manager. See fragmentation.  (GSTR, PI)
memory handle:  A number that identifies a memory block. A handle is a pointer to a pointer; it is the address of a master pointer, which in turn contains the address of the block. Also called simply handle.  (GSTR, PI)  The identifying number of a particular block of memory. It is a pointer to the master pointer to the memory block. A handle rather than a simple pointer is needed to reference a movable memory block; that way the handle will always be the same though the value of the pointer may change as the block is moved around.  (P16)
memory image:  See image.  (PI)
memory location:  A unit of main memory that is identified by an address and can hold a single item of information of a fixed size. In the AppleII family of computers, a memory location holds one byte, or eight bits, of information.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
Memory Manager:  A program in the AppleIIGS Toolbox that manages memory use. The Memory Manager keeps track of how much memory is available and allocates memory blocks to hold program segments or data.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
Memory Segment Table:  A linked list in memory, created by the loader, that allows the loader to keep track of the segments that have been loaded into memory.  (PI, P16)
memory-mapped I/O:  The method used for I/O operations in AppleII computers, where certain memory locations are attached to I/O devices, and I/O operations are just memory load and store instructions.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
memory-resident:  (adj) (1) Stored permanently in memory as firmware (ROM). (2) Held continually in RAM even while not in use. DOS is a memory-resident program. Compare disk-resident.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
menu:  A list of choices presented by a program, from which the user can select an action.  See also pull-down menu.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
menu bar:  The horizontal strip at the top of the screen that contains menu titles for the pull-down menus.  (GST, GSTR, PI)
menu bar record:  A data structure that contains the menu position, color, menu lists, item lists, and other flags the Menu Manager needs to manage menus.  (GSTR)
menu definition procedure:  A procedure used to define the appearance and behavior of a custom menu.  (GSTR)
menu ID:  A number in the menu record that identifies an individual menu.  (GSTR, PI)
menu item:  On a menu, the text of a command or a line dividing groups of choices.  (GSTR)
menu line:  A line of text plus code characters that defines the appearance of a particular menu title.  (GSTR, PI)
Menu Manager:  The Apple IIGS Tool Set that maintains the pull-down menus and the items in the menus.  (GSTR, PI)
menu record:  A data structure that provides information about one of the menus in a menu bar.  (GSTR)
menu title:  A word, phrase, or icon in the menu bar that designates one menu. Pressing on the menu title causes the title to be highlighted and its menu to appear below it.  (GST)
MHz:  Abbreviation for megahertz, one million hertz. See hertz.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
microcomputer:  Any small computer whose central processing element is contained on a single small circuit board or within a single integrated circuit.  (CTR, ETR, GSH)
microprocessor:  The heart of a microcomputer. Usually, a single-chip computer element that contains the control unit, central processing circuitry, and arithmetic and logic functions and is suitable for use as the central processing unit of a microcomputer or a dedicated automatic control system. In the AppleIIGS computer, the microprocessor is the 65C816. Previous AppleII computers utilize the 6502 and 65C02 microprocessors. Some microprocessors used in other computers are the 68000, the 8080, the Z80, and the 8086.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
microsecond:  One millionth of a second. Abbreviated us.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
millisecond:  One thousandth of a second. Abbreviated ms.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
mini-assembler:  A part of the AppleIIGS Monitor program that allows the user to create small assembly-language test routines. See also assembler.  (GSF)
minimum blink interval:  The minimum time between blinks of the caret.  (GSTR)
minimum version number:  The minimum version of a particular tool set that an application needs to function.  (GSTR)
minipalette:  In Super Hi-Res 640 mode, a quarter of the color table.  Each pixel in 640 mode can have one of four colors specified in a minipalette.  (GSTR, PI)
Miscellaneous Tool Set:  The Apple IIGS tool set that includes mostly system-level routines that must be available for other tool sets.  (GSTR, PI)
missing character:  In a font, a character that does not have a defined symbol.  (GSTR)
missing symbol:  In a font, the symbol substituted for any ASCII value for which the font does not have a defined symbol.  In the Apple IIGS system font, the missing symbol is a box containing a question mark.  (GSTR, PI)
MLI:  Machine Language Interface-the part of ProDOS 8 that processes operating system calls.  (P16)
modal dialog box:  A dialog box that puts the machine in a state where the user cannot execute functions outside of the dialog box until the dialog box is closed. Compare modeless dialog box.  (GSTR, PI)
mode:  A state of a computer or system that determines its behavior. A manner of operating.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
modeless dialog box:  A dialog box that does not require the user to respond before doing anything else. Unlike a modal dialog box, it is possible to keep working even if the box is still in use. Compare modal dialog box.  (GSTR, PI)
modem:  Acronym for modulator-demodulator. A computer peripheral device that allows computers to transfer digital information over conventional telephone lines. Modems usually connect to the computer's serial port, but may instead plug into a peripheral expansion slot.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
modification date:  An attribute of a ProDOS 16 file; it specifies the date on which the content of the file was last changed.  (PI, P16)
modification time:  An attribute of a ProDOS 16 file; it specifies the time at which the content of the file was last changed.  (PI, P16)
modifier key:  A key (Apple, Caps Lock, Control, Option, Shift) that generates no keyboard events of its own, but changes the meaning of other keys or mouse actions. Also called a control key.  (CTR, ETR, GSTR)
modulate:  To modify or alter a signal so as to transmit information. For example, conventional broadcast radio transmits sound by modulating the amplitude (amplitude modulation, or AM) or the frequency (frequency modulation, or FM) of a carrier signal.  (CTR, ETR)
monitor:  See video monitor.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, P16)
Monitor program:  A firmware program built into the firmware of Apple II computers, used for directly inspecting or changing the contents of main memory and for operating the computer at the machine-language level.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GST, PI, P16)
monochrome:  Displaying video in one color and the background in another, frequently black and white, but not necessarily. The AppleIIGS monochrome default is white characters on a medium blue background.  (GSH)
monospaced:  Said of a font whose character widths are all identical.  Compare proportionally spaced.  (GSTR, PI)
MOS:  Abbreviation for metal oxide silicon, a method of semiconductor integrated-circuit fabrication on silicon using layers of silicon dioxide in the make-up of the devices. Compare CMOS.  (GSF, GSH, GST, PI)
most significant bit:  The leftmost bit of a binary number. The most significant bit contributes the largest quantity to the value of the number. For example, in the binary number 10110 (decimal value 22), the leftmost bit has the decimal value 16 (24). Compare least significant bit.   (CTR, ETR)
mouse:  A small device you move around on a flat surface next to your computer. The mouse controls a pointer on the screen whose movements correspond to those of the mouse. You use the pointer to select menu items, to move data, and to draw with in graphics programs.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
mouse button:  The button on the top of the mouse. In general, pressing the mouse button initiates some action on whatever is under the pointer, and releasing the button confirms the action.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
mouse clamps:  Values that establish the minimum and maximum X and Y coordinates for the mouse.  (GSTR)
mouse-down:  An action or an event, signifying that the user has pressed the mouse button.  (GSTR, PI)
mouse-up:  An action or an event, signifying that the user has released the mouse button.  (GSTR, PI)
movable:  A memory block attribute, indicating that the Memory Manager is free to move the block. Opposite of fixed. Only position-independent program segments may be in movable memory blocks. A block is made movable or fixed through Memory Manager calls. The opposite of fixed.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
move:  To change the location of a group of data bytes in memory. The Memory Manager may move blocks to consolidate memory space.  (GSH, P16)
nanosecond:  One billionth of a second. Abbreviated ns.  (CTR, ETR)
native mode:  The 16-bit configuration of the 65C816 microprocessor.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
NDA:  See new desk accessory.  (GSTR, PI)
nested loop:  A loop contained within the body of another loop and executed repeatedly during each pass through the outer loop. See loop.  (CTR, ETR)
nested subroutine call:  A call to a subroutine from within the body of another subroutine.  (CTR, ETR)
new desk accessory (NDA):  A desk accessory designed to execute in a desktop, event-driven environment. Compare classic desk accessory.  (GSTR, PI)
newline (read) mode:  A file-reading mode in which each character read from the file is compared to a specified character (called the newline character); if there is a match, the read is terminated.  Newline mode is typically used to read individual lines of text, with the newline character defined as a carriage return.  (PI, P16)
NewWindow parameter list:  A template describing the features of a window that is to be created.  A pointer to a NewWindow parameter list is a required input to the NewWindow call.  (PI)
next-changeable location:  The memory location that is next to have its value changed.  (GSF)
nibble:  A unit of data equal to half a byte, or four bits. A nibble can hold any value from 0 to 15 ($0 and $F hexadecimal).  (CTR, ETR, P16)
NIL:  Pointing to a value of 0.  A memory handle is NIL if the address it points to is filled with zeros.  Handles to purged memory blocks are NIL.  Compare null.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
NMOS:  One of several methods of making integrated circuits out of silicon; a metal-oxide semiconductor device made on a p-type substrate using n-type source and drain contacts.   (GSH)
nonspecial, normal memory:  Memory that has no special restrictions on it. On the AppleIIGS, such memory includes banks $2-$DF and parts of banks $E0 and $E1.  (GSTR)
NOT:  A unary logical operator that produces a true result if its operand is false, and a false result if its operand is true. Compare AND, OR, exclusive OR.  (CTR, ETR)
Note Sequencer:  The Apple IIGS tool set that makes it possible to play music asynchronously in programs.  (GSTR, PI)
Note Synthesizer:  An Apple IIGS tool set that facilitates creation and manipulation of musical notes.  (GSTR, PI)
NTSC:  (1) Abbreviation for National Television Standards Committee, which defined the standard format used for transmitting broadcast video signals in the United States. (2) The standard video format defined by the NTSC; also called composite because it combines all video information, including color, into a single signal.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST)
null:  Zero.  A pointer is null if its value is all zeros.  Compare NIL.  (GSH, PI, P16)
null event:  An event reported when there are no other events to report.  (GSTR, PI)
null prefix:  A prefix of zero length (and therefore nonexistent).  (PI, P16)
object code:  See object program.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
object file:  The output from an assembler or compiler, and the input to a linker.  It contains machine-language instructions as well as other information.  Also called object program or object code.  In APW an object file cannot be loaded into memory.  Compare source file, load file.  (GSF, PI, P16)
object module format (OMF):  The file format used in Apple IIGS object files, library files, and load files.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
object program:  The translated form of a program produced by a language translator such as a compiler or assembler. Also called object code. Compare source program.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
object segment:  A segment in an object file.  (PI)
odd parity:  In data transmission, the use of an extra bit set to 0 or 1 as necessary to make the total number of 1 bits an odd number; used as a means of error checking. Compare even parity, MARK parity.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
offset:  The number of character positions or memory locations away from a point of reference.  (GSTR, PI)
OK:  One of two predefined item ID numbers for dialog box buttons (OK = 1). Compare Cancel.  (GSTR, PI)
OMF:  See object module format.  (GSTR, PI)
OMF file:  Any file in object module format.  (P16)
op code:  See operation code.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, P16)
open:  To allow access to a file. A file may not be read from or written to until it is open.  (P16)
Open Apple key:  A modifier key on some AppleII-family keyboards; on the AppleIIGS keyboard, the equivalent key is marked with both an Apple icon and a spinner, the icon used on some Macintosh keyboards, and called simply the Apple key.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
operand:  (1) In assembly language, the part of an instruction that follows the operation code. The operand is used as a value or an address, or to calculate a value or an address. (2) In object module format, an operation code that is followed by a single value that constitutes part of an expression. The value following the operand opcode is acted on by an operator.  (GSH, P16)  A value to which an operator is applied. The value on which an operation code operates. Compare argument.  (CTR, ETR)  An item on which an operator (such as + or AND) acts.  (GSF)
operating environment:  The overall hardware and software setting within which a program runs.  Also called execution environment.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
operating system:  A general-purpose program that manages the actions of the parts of the computer and its peripheral devices for the benefit of the application programs. See disk operating system.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
operating system call:  A request to execute a named operating system function; also, the name of the function itself. OPEN, GET_FILE_INFO, and QUIT are ProDOS 16 operating system calls(P16)
operation code:  The part of a machine-language instruction that specifies the operation to be performed. Often called op code.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, P16)
operator:  A symbol or sequence of characters, such as + or AND, specifying an operation to be performed on one or more values (the operands) to produce a result. See arithmetic operator, relational operator, logical operator, unary operator, binary operator.  (CTR, ETR, GSH)
option:  (1)  Something chosen or available as a choice; for instance, items in a menu. (2)  An argument whose provision is optional.   (CTR, ETR)
OR:  A logical operator that produces a true result if either or both of its operands are true, and a false result if both of its operands are false. Compare exclusive OR, AND, NOT.  (CTR, ETR)
origin:  (1) The first memory address of a program or of a portion of one. The first instruction to be executed.  (2) The location (0,0) on the QuickDraw II coordinate plane, in either global coordinates or local coordinates.  (3) The upper-left corner of any rectangle (such as a boundary rectangle or port rectangle) in QuickDraw II.  (4) See character origin.  (GSTR, PI)
oscillator:  A device that generates a vibration. In the Apple IIGS digital oscillator chip, an oscillator is an address generator that points to the next data byte in memory that represents part of a particular sound wave.  (GSH, GSTR, PI)
output:  Information transferred from a computer to some external destination, such as the display screen, a disk drive, a printer, or a modem.  (CTR, ETR)
output routine:  A machine-language routine that performs the sending of characters. The standard output routine sends characters to the screen. A different output routine might, for example, send them to a printer.  (CTR, ETR)
oval:  A circle or an ellipse, one of the fundamental classes of objects drawn by QuickDraw II.  (GSTR, PI)
overflow:  The condition that exists when an attempt is made to put more data into a given memory area than it can hold; for example, a computational result that exceeds the allowed range.   (CTR, ETR)
overlay:  One of a set of program segments meant to alternately occupy the same memory space.  Use of overlays is one way to minimize the amount of memory a program needs.  (PI)
override:  To modify or cancel an instruction by issuing another one.  (CTR, ETR)
overrun:  A condition that occurs when the processor does not retrieve a received character from the receive data register of the Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter (ACIA) before the subsequent character arrives. The ACIA automatically sets bit2 (OVR) of its status register; subsequent characters are lost. The receive data register contains the last valid data word received.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
P register:  See status register.  (PI)
pack:  To compress data into a smaller space to conserve storage space.  (GSTR, PI)
page:  (1) A portion of memory 256 bytes long and beginning at an address that is an even multiple of 256.  Memory blocks whose starting addresses are an even multiple of 256 are said to be page-aligned.  (2) (usually capitalized) An area of main memory containing text or graphic information being displayed on the screen.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)  (1) A screenful of information on a video display. In the AppleII family of computers, a page consists of 24 lines of 40 or 80 characters each. (2) An area of main memory containing text or graphical information being displayed on the screen. (3) A segment of main memory 256 bytes long and beginning at an address that is an even multiple of 256.  (CTR, ETR)
page zero:  See zero page.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
page-aligned:  Said of a memory block that starts at a memory address that is an even multiple of 256 (a memory block attribute). See also page (1).  (GSTR, PI)
paging region:  In a scroll bar, the area a user clicks to move the view of the data a page at a time.  (GSTR)
painting:  In QuickDraw II, using the current pen pattern, drawing mask, and pen mode to fill the interior of a shape.  (GSTR)
PAL:  Acronym for phase alternating lines. A video standard originated in England and used in other European countries.  (GSH)
palette:  The set of colors from which the user can choose a color to apply to a pixel on the screen.  (GSF, GSTR, PI)
parallel:  (1) The simultaneous occurrence of more than one phenomenon. (2) The connection of a group of wires for the purpose of conducting bits of data simultaneously, rather than one at a time (via a serial connection).  (GSH)
parallel interface:  An interface in which several bits of information (typically 8 bits, or 1 byte) are transmitted simultaneously over different wires or channels. Compare serial interface.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
parameter:  An argument that determines the outcome of a command. For example, in the command write(n,msg), n and msg are parameters.  (GSF, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
parameter block:  A set of contiguous memory locations set up by a calling program to pass parameters to and receive results from an operating-system function that the program calls. Every call to SmartPort must include a pointer to a properly constructed parameter block.  (GSF, P16)
parameter RAM:  RAM on the Apple IIGS clock chip.  A battery preserves the clock settings and the RAM contents when the power is off.  Control Panel settings are kept in battery RAM.  (GSTR, PI)
parity:  Sameness of level or count, usually the count of 1 bits in each character, used for error checking in data transmission. See even parity, MARK parity, odd parity, parity bit.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
parity bit:  A bit that is sometimes transmitted along with the other bits that define a serial character. It is used to check the accuracy of the transmission of the character. Even parity means that the total number of 1 bits transmitted, including the parity bit itself, is even. Odd parity means that the total number is odd. The parity bit is generated individually for each character and checked, a character at a time, at the receiving end.  (GSF, GST)
part code:  A number between 1 and 255 that stands for a particular part of a control. The Control Manager uses part codes to allow different parts of a control to respond in different ways.  (GSTR)
partial pathname:  A pathname that includes the filename of the desired file but excludes the volume directory name (and possibly one or more of the subdirectories in the path).  It is the part of a pathname following a prefix-a prefix and a partial pathname together constitute a full pathname.  A partial pathname does not begin with a slash because it has no volume directory name.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
Pascal:  A high-level programming language with statements that resemble English phrases. Pascal was designed to teach programming as a systematic approach to problem solving. Named after the philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
Pascal string:  An ASCII character string preceded by a single byte whose numerical value is the number of characters in the string.  Compare C string.  (GSTR, PI)
Pascal-type string:  Same as Pascal string.  (GSTR)
pass:  A single execution of a loop.  (CTR, ETR)
paste:  To place the desk scrap (contents of the Clipboard-whatever was last cut or copied) at the insertion point.  (GSTR, PI)
patch:  To replace one or more bytes in memory or in a file with other values.  The address to which the program must jump to execute a subroutine is patched into memory at load time, when the System Loader performs relocation on a file.  (PI, P16)
pathname:  A name that specifies a file.  It is a sequence of one or more filenames separated by slashes, tracing the path through subdirectories that a program must follow to locate the file.  See full pathname, partial pathname, prefix.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
pathname prefix:  See prefix.  (GSTR, PI)
Pathname segment:  segment in a load file that contains the cross-references between load files referenced by number (in the Jump Table segment) and their pathnames (listed in the file directory). The Pathname segment is created by the linker.  (P16)
Pathname Table:  A table constructed in memory by the System Loader.  The Pathname Table contains cross-references between load files referenced by number (in the Jump Table) and by pathname (in the file directory).  (PI, P16)
pattern:  (1) An 8-by-8 pixel image, used to define a repeating design (such as stripes) or color.  (2) A series of commands to the Note Synthesizer.  (GSTR, PI)
PB register:  See program bank register.  (GSTR, PI)
PB register:  See program bank register.  (PI)
PC board:  See printed-circuit board.  (CTR, ETR)
PC register:  A register within the 65816 microprocessor that keeps track of the memory address of the next instruction to be executed. PC stands for program counter.  (GSTR, PI)
peek:  To read information directly from a location in the computer's memory.  (CTR, ETR)
pen:  The conceptual tool with which QuickDraw II draws shapes and characters.  Each GrafPort has its own pen.  (GSTR, PI)
pen location:  The position (on the coordinate plane) at which the next character or line will be drawn.  (GSTR, PI)
pen mode:  One of several Boolean operations that determine how the pen pattern is to affect an existing image. Compare text mode.  (GSTR)
pen pattern:  See pattern (1).  (GSTR, PI)
pen size:  The size of the rectangle that will be used as the drawing pen.  (GSTR)
peripheral:  (adj) At or outside the boundaries of the computer itself, either physically (as a peripheral device) or in a logical sense (as a peripheral card). (n) Short for peripheral device.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
peripheral bus:  The bus used for transmitting information between the computer and peripheral devices connected to the computer's expansion slots or ports.  (CTR, ETR)
peripheral card:  A hardware device placed inside a computer and connected to one of the computer's peripheral expansion slots. Peripheral cards perform a variety of functions, from controlling a disk drive to providing a clock/calendar.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)  A removable printed-circuit board that plugs into one of the seven I/O expansion slots, allowing the computer to use a peripheral device or to perform some subsidiary or peripheral function. These cards may be self-contained (such as a clock card) or an interface card (such as a disk interface card) with a cable connecting the card and the peripheral.  (GSH)
peripheral device:  A piece of hardware-such as a video monitor, disk drive, printer, or modem-used in conjunction with a computer and under the computer's control. Peripheral devices are often (but not necessarily) physically separate from the computer and connected to it by wires, cables, or some other form of interface. They often require peripheral cards.  See device.  (CTR, ETR, GST)  An input or output (or input/output) device, usually external to the computer (but which may reside on a card in a peripheral-expansion slot), that performs some secondary function for the computer. Printers, disk drives, modems, and video monitors are examples of peripheral devices. See device.  (GSH, GSTR, PI)
peripheral expansion slot:  The seven slots at the rear of the main logic board that will accept most AppleII peripheral expansion cards. Each slot has 50 pins, which carry required power and signals to and from the peripheral cards.  (GSH)
peripheral slot:  See expansion slot.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
phase:  (1) A stage in a periodic process. A point in a cycle. For example, the 6502 and 65C816 microprocessors use a clock cycle consisting of two phases called F0 and F1. (2) The relationship between two periodic signals or processes.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
phrase:  In music synthesis, a set of pointers to patterns that make it easy to build repetitive, complex passages out of simple patterns.  (PI)
picture:  A saved sequence of QuickDraw drawing commands (and, optionally, picture comments) that you can play back later with a single procedure call; also, the image resulting from these commands.  (GSTR, PI)
PILOT:  Acronym for Programmed Inquiry, Learning, Or Teaching. A high-level programming language designed for teachers and used to create computer-aided instruction (CAI) lessons that include color graphics, sound effects, lesson text, and answer checking. SuperPILOT is an enhanced version of the original AppleII PILOT programming language.  (CTR, ETR)
pinning:  The process of assigning positive overflows to the largest positive representable value and negative overflows to the largest negative representable value.  (GSTR)
pipelining:  A feature of a processor that enables it to begin fetching the next instruction before it has finished executing the current instruction. All else being equal, processors with this feature run faster than those without it.  (CTR, ETR)
pixel:  A contraction of picture element, the smallest dot you can draw on the screen. Also a location in video memory that corresponds to a point on the graphics screen when the viewing window includes that location. In the Super Hi-Res display on the Apple IIGS, each pixel is represented by either 2 or 4 bits. See also pixel image.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
pixel image:  A graphics image picture consisting of a rectangular grid of pixels.  (GSTR, PI)
pixel map:  A set of values that represents the positions and states of the set of pixels making up an image. Compare bit map.   (GSF, GSH, GST)
plain-styled:  Said of a font or character that is not bold, italicized, underlined, or otherwise styled apart from ordinary text.  (GSTR, PI)
plane:  The front-to-back position of a window on the desktop.  (GSTR, PI)
plotting vector:  A code representing a single step in drawing a shape on the high-resolution graphics screen. The plotting vector specifies whether to plot a point at the current screen position, and in what direction to move (up, down, left, or right) before processing the next vector.  (CTR, ETR)
point:  (1) A unit of measurement for type; 12 points equal 1 pica, and 6 picas equal 1 inch; thus, 1 point equals 1/72 inch. (2) A relative measure (taken from the type measure) used to distinguish font size on output devices. (3) In QuickDraw II, the Y and X coordinates of a location on the coordinate plane.   (GSTR, PI)
point of call:  The point in a program from which a subroutine or function is called.  (CTR, ETR)
pointer:  (1) An item of information consisting of the memory address of some other item.  For example, the 65816 stack register contains a pointer to the top of the stack.  (2) The mouse pointer, an arrow-shaped cursor whose screen location is controlled by mouse movements.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
pointing device:  Any device, such as a mouse, graphics tablet, or light pen, that can be used to specify locations on the computer screen.  (GSTR, PI)
poke:  To store information directly into a location in the computer's memory.  (CTR, ETR)
polygon:  Any sequence of connected lines.  (GSTR, PI)
pop:  To remove the top entry from a stack, moving the stack pointer to the entry below it. Synonymous with pull. Compare push.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
port:  (1) A socket on the back panel of the computer where the user can plug in a cable to connect a peripheral device, another computer, or a network.  (2) A graphic port (GrafPort).  (GST, GSTR, PI)  In the Apple IIc, slots are called ports.  (CTR)
port rectangle:  A rectangle that describes the active region of a GrafPort's pixel map-the part that QuickDraw II can draw into.  The content region of a window on the desktop corresponds to the window's port rectangle.  (GSTR, PI)
portrait mode:  A printing mode in which text prints from left to right on the paper.  (GSTR)
portRect:  The GrafPort field that defines the port's port rectangle.  (GSTR, PI)
position-independent:  Code that is written specifically so that its execution is unaffected by its position in memory. It can be moved without needing to be relocated. Compare absolute, relocatable.  (PI, P16)
post:  To place an event in the event queue for later processing.  (GSTR, PI)
power supply:  A circuit that draws electrical power from a power outlet and converts it to the kind of power the computer can use.  (CTR, ETR)  The large metal box inside the AppleIIGS that divides and conditions the household current, supplying the voltages required by the main logic board and some peripheral devices.  (GSH)  The metal case inside most AppleII and Macintosh computers that houses the power supply. The AppleIIc uses an external power supply case.   (CTR, ETR)
PR#:  An Applesoft BASIC command that directs output to a slot or a machine-language program. It activates an output routine in the ROM on a peripheral card or in equivalent RAM by changing the address of the standard output routine used by the computer.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
precedence:  The order in which operators are applied in evaluating an expression. Precedence varies from language to language, but usually resembles the precedence rules of algebra.  (CTR, ETR)
prefix:  A pathname starting with a volume name and ending with a subdirectory name.  It is the part of a full pathname that precedes a partial pathname-a prefix and a partial pathname together constitute a full pathname.  A prefix always starts with a slash (/) because a volume directory name always starts with a slash.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
prefix number:  A code used to represent a particular prefix. Under ProDOS 16, there are nine prefix numbers, each consisting of a number (or asterisk) followed by a slash: 0/, 1/,.,8/, and */.  (PI, P16)
prestyled:  Said of a font that has a certain style or combination of styles built into the font's design.  (GSTR)
Print Manager:  The Apple IIGS tool set that allows an application to use standard QuickDraw II routines to print text or graphics on a printer.  (GSTR, PI)
print record:  A record containing all the information needed by the Print Manager to perform a particular printing job.  (GSTR, PI)
printed-circuit board:  A hardware component of a computer or other electronic device, consisting of a flat, rectangular piece of rigid material, commonly Fiberglas, to which integrated circuits and other electronic components are connected.  (CTR, ETR)
printer information subrecord:  A data structure within the print record that contains the information needed for page composition.  (GSTR)
printing loop:  The page-by-page cycle that an application goes through when it prints a document.  (GSTR, PI)
private scrap:  A buffer (and its contents) set up by an application for cutting and pasting, analogous to but apart from the desk scrap.  (GSTR, PI)
private symbol:  A label in a segment that may be referenced by other segments in the same file, but not by segments in other files.  (PI)
procedure:  In the Pascal and Logo programming languages, a sequence of instructions that work as a unit; approximately equivalent to the term function in C or subroutine in BASIC.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
processor:  The hardware component of a computer that performs the actual computation by directly executing instructions represented in machine language and stored in main memory. See microprocessor.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
processor status register:  See status register.  (PI)
ProDOS:  A disk operating system for the AppleII family of computers. ProDOS stands for Professional Disk Operating System, and includes ProDOS8 and ProDOS16. Compare Disk Operating System (DOS).  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
ProDOS 16:  A disk operating system developed for 65816 native-mode operation on the Apple IIGS.  It is functionally similar to ProDOS 8 but more powerful.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
ProDOS 8:  A disk operating system developed for standard AppleII computers. It runs on 6502-series microprocessors and on the AppleIIGS when the 65C816 processor is in 6502 emulation mode.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
ProDOS command:  Any one of the 28 commands recognized by ProDOS.  (CTR, ETR)
program:  (n)  A set of instructions describing actions for a computer to perform in order to accomplish some task, conforming to the rules and conventions of a particular programming language. (v) To write a program.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
program bank register:  The 65C816 register whose contents form the high-order byte of all 3-byte code address operands. Also called PBregister.  (GSTR, PI)
program counter:  See PC register.  (GSTR, PI)
program line:  The basic unit of an Applesoft BASIC program, consisting of one or more statements separated by colons (:).  (CTR, ETR)
program status register:  A register in the 65C816 microprocessor that contains flags reflecting the various aspects of machine state and operation results. See status register.  (GSTR, PI)
programmable read-only memory (PROM):  A type of ROM device that is programmed after fabrication, unlike ordinary ROM devices, which are programmed during fabrication.  (GSH, GST)
programming language:  A set of symbols and associated rules or conventions for writing programs. BASIC, Logo, and Pascal are programming languages.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
PROM:  See programmable read-only memory.   (GSH, GST)
prompt:  A message on the screen that a program provides when it needs a response from the user. A prompt is usually in the form of a symbol, a dialog box, or a menu of choices.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GST)
prompt character:  A text character displayed on the screen, usually just to the left of a cursor, where your next action is expected. The prompt character often identifies the program or component of the system that's prompting you. For example, Applesoft BASIC uses a square bracket prompt character (]); Integer BASIC, an angle bracket (>); and the system Monitor program, an asterisk (*).  (CTR, ETR, GST)
prompt line:  A specific area on the display reserved for prompts.  (CTR, ETR)
proportionally spaced:  Said of a font whose characters vary in width, so the amount of horizontal space needed for each character is proportional to its width. Compare monospaced.  (GSTR, PI)
protocol:  A formal set of rules for the interchange of information between two programs or devices; for example, the rules for sending and receiving data on a communication line.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
Protocol Converter:  A set of machine language routines used in the AppleII family for performing block device I/O. See Smartport.  (CTR)  A set of ROM-based assembly-language routines used to support external I/O devices such as the Apple Memory Expansion Card and the Apple 3.5 Drive.  (GST)
pseudo-type:  A type that provides some additional information about a parameter of a toolbox routine.   (GSTR)
pull:  To remove the top entry from a stack, this instruction moves the stack pointer to the entry below it. Synonymous with pop. Compare push.  (GSH, P16)
pull-down menu:  A set of choices for actions that appears near the top of the display screen in a desktop application, usually overlaying the present contents of the screen without disrupting them.  Dragging through the menu and releasing the mouse button while a command is highlighted chooses that command.  (GSTR, PI)
purge:  To temporarily deallocate a memory block.  The Memory Manager purges a block by setting its master pointer to NIL (0).  All handles to the pointer are still valid, so the block can be reconstructed quickly.  Compare dispose.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
purge level:  A memory block attribute, indicating that the Memory Manager may purge the block if it needs additional memory space.  Purgeable blocks have different purge levels, or priorities for purging; these levels are set by Memory Manager calls.  (PI)
purge level:  A memory block attribute, indicating that the Memory Manager may purge the block if it needs additional memory space. Purgeable blocks have different purge levels, or priorities for purging; these levels are set by Memory Manager calls.  (GSTR, P16)
purgeable:  A memory block attribute, indicating that the Memory Manager may purge the block if it needs additional memory space. Purgeable blocks have different purge levels, or priorities for purging; these levels are set by Memory Manager calls.  (P16)
push:  To add an item to the top of a stack, moving the stack pointer to the next entry above the top. Compare push.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, P16)
Quagmire register:  On the AppleIIGS, the name given to the 8 bits comprising the speed-control bit and the shadowing bits. From the Monitor program, the user can read from or write to the Quagmire register to access those bits, even though they are actually in separate registers.  (GSF)
queue:  A list in which entries are added (pushed) at one end and removed (pulled) at the other end, causing entries to be removed in first-in, first-out (FIFO) order. Compare stack.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
QuickDraw II:  The Apple IIGS tool set that controls the graphics environment and draws simple objects and text. Other tools call QuickDraw II to draw such things as windows.  (GSTR, PI)
QuickDraw II Auxiliary:  An Apple IIGS tool set that provides extensions to the capabilities of QuickDraw II.  (PI)
QuickDraw II Auxiliary:  The Apple IIGS tool set that provides extensions to the capabilities of QuickDraw II.  (GSTR)
QuickDraw II Auxiliary icon record:  A data structure that defines the appearance of an icon.  (GSTR)
quit:  To terminate execution in an orderly manner.  Apple IIGS applications quit by making a ProDOS 16 QUIT call or the equivalent.  (GSTR, PI)
quit return stack:  A stack maintained in memory by ProDOS 16. It contains a list of programs that have terminated but are scheduled to return when the presently executing program is finished.  (PI, P16)
QWERTY keyboard:  The standard layout of keys on a typewriter keyboard; its name is formed from the first six letters on the top row of letter keys. Compare Dvorak keyboard.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
radio button:  A common type of control in dialog boxes. Radio buttons are small circles organized into families; clicking any button on turns off all the others in the family, like the buttons on a car radio. See also check box.  (GSTR, PI)
radio frequency (RF):  Broadcast frequency over which radio and television operate. Generally defined as the radio spectrum between 3 MHz and 3000 MHz.  (GSH)
radio-frequency modulator:  A device used to raise video signals to a frequency that may be received and displayed by a television, as a substitute for a standard video monitor when one is not available.  (CTR, ETR, GSH)
RAM:  See random-access memory.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
RAM disk:  A feature of some operating systems which makes it possible to use programmable memory (RAM) as a disk volume. Large applications designed for machines with limited amounts of RAM must load program segments from disk as needed; on machines with RAM disk, the entire application is first loaded into RAM, where it runs as if still resident on disk, but much faster.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
random-access device:  See block device.  (GSH, P16)
random-access memory (RAM):  Memory in which information can be referred to in an arbitrary or random order. As an analogy, a book is a random-access storage device in that it can be opened and read at any point. RAM usually means the part of memory available for programs from a disk; the programs and other data are lost when the computer is turned off. A computer with 512K RAM has 512 kilobytes available to the user. (Technically, the read-only memory (ROM) is also random access, and what's called RAM should correctly be termed read-write memory.)  Compare read-only memory, read-write memory.   (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GSTR, GSTR, PI)
random-access text file:  A text file that is partitioned into an unlimited number of uniform-length compartments called records. When you open a random-access text file for the first time, you must specify its record length. No record is placed in the file until written to. Each record can be individually read from or written to-hence, random-access.  (CTR, ETR)
range mode:  In the List Manager, a selection mode that allows the user to select a range of members in a list.  (GSTR)
raster:  The pattern of parallel lines making up the image on a video display screen. The image is produced by controlling the brightness of successive points on the individual lines of the raster.  (CTR, ETR)
RDKEY:  The firmware routine that a program uses to read a single keystroke from the keyboard.  (GSF)
read:  To transfer information into the computer's memory from outside the computer (such as a disk drive or modem) or into the computer's processor from a source external to the processor (such as the keyboard or main memory).  (CTR, ETR)
read-only memory (ROM):  Memory whose contents can be read, but not changed; used for storing firmware. Information is placed into read-only memory once, during manufacture; it then remains there permanently, even when the computer's power is turned off. Compare random-access memory, read-write memory, write-only memory.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GST, GSTR, PI)  Nonvolatile, permanent memory. ROM ICs may be written once, usually in the development of the computer. Data are retained in the memory even after power is disconnected. Special ROM ICs allow you to change the data in them under specific conditions such as ultraviolet light (EPROMs [erasable programmable read-only memory]), or high voltages (EEPROMs [electrically erasable programmable read-only memory]). Normally, however, ROM ICs are written once.  (GSH)
read-write memory:  Memory whose contents can be both read and changed (or written to); commonly called RAM. The information contained in read-write memory is erased when the computer's power is turned off and is permanently lost unless it has been saved on a disk or other storage device. Compare random-access memory, read-only memory.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
real font:  A font that exists on disk or was added by an application and marked as real. Compare unreal font.  (GSTR)
real number:  In computer usage, a number that may include a fractional part; represented inside the computer in floating-point form. Because a real number is of infinite precision, this representation is usually approximate. Compare integer.  (CTR, ETR)
real-time clock (RTC):  A custom IC that, once set, retains the current time of day, day, month, and year. Chapter7 provides details of the RTC and other built-in I/O devices.  (GSH)
receive data register:  A read-only register in the serial port ACIA (at $C098 for port 1 and $C0A8 for port 2) that stores the most recent character successfully received.  (CTR)
recharge routine:  The function that supplies data to the output device when background printing is taking place.  (GSF)
record:  A component of an load segment. All OMF file segments are composed of records, some of which are program code and some of which contain cross-reference or relocation information.  (P16)
rectangle:  One of the fundamental shapes drawn by QuickDraw II.  Rectangles are completely defined by two points-their upper-left and lower-right corners on the coordinate plane.  The upper-left corner of any rectangle is its origin.  (GSTR, PI)
reentrant:  Said of a routine that is able to accept a call while one or more previous calls to it are pending, without invalidating the previous calls.  Under certain conditions, the Apple IIGS Scheduler manages execution of routines that are not reentrant.  (GST, GSTR, PI), P16
reference:  (n) The name of a segment or entry point to a segment; same as symbolic reference. (v) To refer to a symbolic reference or to use one in an expression or as an address.  (P16)
region:  An arbitrary area or set of areas on the QuickDraw coordinate plane. The outline of a region must be one or more closed loops.  (GSTR, PI)
register:  A location in a processor or other chip where an item of information is held and modified under program control.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
relational operator:  An operator, such as >, that operates on numeric values to produce a logical result. Compare arithmetic operator, logical operator.  (CTR, ETR)
Reload segment:  a load-file segment that is always loaded from the file at program startup, regardless of whether the rest of the program is loaded from file or restarted from memory. Reload segments contain initialization information, without which certain types of programs would not be restartable.  (P16)  A segment that is always reloaded from disk when a program is executed, even if the program is in a dormant state in computer memory.  Some programs require RELOAD segments in order to be restartable.  (PI)
RELOC record:  A part of a relocation dictionary that contains relocation information for local (within-segment) references.  (P16)
relocatable:  Characteristic of a load segment or other OMF program code that includes no references to specific address, and so can be loaded at any memory address.  A relocatable segment consists of a code image followed by a relocation dictionary. Compare absolute.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
relocate:  To modify a file or segment at load time so that it will execute correctly at its current memory location. Relocation consists of patching the proper values onto address operands. The loader relocates load segments when it loads them into memory. See also relocatable.  (P16)
relocation:  The act of modifying a program in memory so that its address operands correctly reflect its location and the locations of other segments in memory.  Relocation is performed by the System Loader when a relocatable segment is first loaded into memory.  (GSTR, PI)
relocation dictionary:  A portion of a load segment that contains relocation information necessary to modify the memory image portion of the segment. See relocate.  (PI, P16)
repeat delay:  The time interval before the first auto-key event is generated.  (GSTR)
repeat speed:  The time interval between auto-key events, except for the first auto-key event. See also repeat delay.  (GSTR)
Request-To-Send:  An RS-232-C signal from a DTE to a DCE that serves to prepare the DCE for data transmission.  (CTR)
reserved memory:  Memory not managed by the Memory Manager; that is, memory that is marked as busy at startup time.  (GSTR)
reserved word:  A word or sequence of characters reserved by a programming language for some special use and therefore unavailable as a variable name in a program.  (CTR, ETR)
resident:  See memory-resident, disk-resident.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
resource:  A type of organization for certain components of Macintosh files.  Resources provide a convenient means for manipulating the fixed (unchanging) parts of a program file.  (PI)
resource editor:  A program for editing resources, especially data in a program, without having to recompile the program.  (GST, PI)
Resource Manager:  The Macintosh toolbox component that retrieves, manipulates, and disposes of resources.  (GST, PI)
restart:  To reactivate a dormant program in the computer's memory.  The System Loader can restart dormant programs if all their static segments are still in memory.  If any critical part of a dormant program has been purged by the Memory Manager, the program must be reloaded from disk instead of restarted.  (PI, P16)
restartable:  Said of a program that reinitializes its variables and makes no assumptions about machine state each time it gains control.  Only restartable programs can be resurrected from a dormant state in memory.  (PI, P16)
result:  An item of information returned to a calling program from a function. Compare value.  (P16)
return address:  The point in a program to which control returns on completion of a subroutine or function.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
RF:  See radio frequency.  (GSH)
RF modulator:  See radio-frequency modulator.  (CTR, ETR, GSH)
RGB:  Abbreviation for red, green, and blue. A method of displaying color video by transmitting these three colors as three separate signals. There are two ways of using RGB with computers: TTL RGB, which allows the color signals to take on only a few discrete values; and analog RGB, which allows the color signals to take on any values between their upper and lower limits, for a wide range of colors. The AppleIIGS uses analog RGB; connect only RGB monitors using analog RGB to the RGB video connector at the rear of the computer. Compare composite video.  (GSF, GSH, GST, PI)
RGB monitor:  A type of color monitor that receives separate signals for each color (red, green, and blue). Compare composite video.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
right scroll bar:  The control the user selects to scroll vertically through the data in the window.  (GSTR)
ROM:  See read-only memory.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
ROM disk:  A feature of some operating systems making it possible to use read-only memory (ROM) as a disk volume. Often used for making applications permanently resident. See also RAM disk.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
ROM font:  The font contained in system ROM.  (GSTR)
rounded result:  The nearest representable value to the actual value, with ties going to the value with the larger magnitude.  (GSTR)
rounded-corner rectangle:  One of the fundamental shapes drawn by QuickDrawII. The rounded corners of this type of rectangle are defined by an oval height and oval width.  (GSTR)
routine:  A part of a program that accomplishes some task subordinate to the overall task of the program.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
row:  A horizontal arrangement of character cells or graphics pixels on the screen.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
RS-232:  A common standard for serial data communication interfaces.  (GSF, GST)
RS-232 cable:  Any cable that is wired in accordance with the RS-232 standard, which is the common serial data communication interface standard.  (CTR, ETR)
RS-232-C:  A common standard for serial data-communication interfaces.  (GSH)
RS-422:  A standard for serial data-communication interfaces, different from the RS-232 standard in its electrical characteristics and in its use of differential pairs for data signals. The serial ports on the AppleIIGS use RS-422 devices modified so as to be compatible with RS-232-C devices.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
RTC:  See read-only memory.  (GSH)
RTI:  Return from Interrupt, a 65816 assembly-language instruction.  (PI)
RTL (Return from Subroutine Long):  Return from subroutine Long; a 65C816 assembly-language instruction. It is used in conjunction with a JSL instruction.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
RTS (Return from Subroutine):  Return from Subroutine; a 6502 and 65C816 assembly-language instruction. It is used in conjunction with a JSR instruction.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
RTS:  See Request-To-Send.  (CTR)
run:  (1) To execute a program. When a program runs, the computer performs the instructions.  (2) To load a program into main memory from a peripheral storage medium, such as a disk, and execute it.  (CTR, ETR)
run-time library file:  A load file containing program segments-each of which can be used in any number of programs-that the System Loader loads dynamically when they are needed.  (P16)
S register:  See stack register.  (GSTR, PI)
SANE (Standard Apple Numeric Environment):  The set of methods that provides the basis for floating-point calculations in Apple computers. SANE meets all requirements for extended-precision, floating-point arithmetic as prescribed by IEEE Standard 754 and ensures that all floating-point operations are performed consistently and return the most accurate results possible. See Standard Apple Numeric Environment.  (GST, GSTR, PI)
SANE Tool Set:  The Apple IIGS tool set that performs high-precision floating-point calculations, following SANE standards.  (GSTR, PI)
sapling file:  An organizational form of a ProDOS 16 standard file. A sapling file consists of a single index block and up to 256 data blocks.  (P16)
save:  To store information by transferring the information from main memory to a disk. Work not saved disappears when you turn off the computer or when the power is interrupted.  (CTR, ETR)
scaled font:  A font that is created by the Font Manager by calculation from a real font of a different size.  (GSTR, PI)
scaling:  The process of taking all characters of a real font and making them bigger or smaller to generate a requested font.  (GSTR)
scan line:  A single horizontal line of pixels on the screen.  It corresponds to a single sweep of the electron gun in the video display tube.  (GSTR, PI)
scan line control byte (SCB):  A byte in memory that controls certain properties, such as available colors and number of pixels, for a scan line on the Apple IIGS. Each scan line has its own SCB.  (GSTR, PI)
SCB:  See scan line control byte.  (GSTR)
SCC:  Abbreviation for Serial Communications Controller, a type of communications IC used in the AppleIIGS. The SCC can run synchronous data transmission protocol and thus transmit data at faster rates than the ACIA. See Serial Communications Controller.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
Scheduler:  The Apple IIGS tool set that manages requests to execute interrupted software that is not reentrant.  If, for example, an interrupt handler needs to make system software calls, it must do so through the Scheduler because ProDOS 16 is not reentrant.  Applications normally need not use the Scheduler because ProDOS 16 is not in an interrupted state when it processes applications' system calls.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
schematic diagram:  A diagram using special figures to represent ICs, logic functions, and interconnecting wires, to describe a circuit. Schematic diagrams for the AppleIIGS main logic board are located in the Addendum.  (GSH)
scrap count:  A count that indicates how many times the desk scrap has changed.  (GSTR)
Scrap Manager:  The Apple IIGS tool set that supports the desk scrap, which allows data to be copied from one application to another (or from one place to another within an application).  (GSTR, PI)
screen:  See display screen.  (CTR, ETR)
screen holes:  Locations in the text display buffer (text Page 1) used for temporary storage either by I/O routines running in peripheral-card ROM or by firmware routines addressed as if they were in card ROM. Text Page 1 occupies memory from $0400 to $07FF; the screen holes are locations in that area that are neither displayed nor modified by the display firmware.   (GSF, GSH, GST)
scroll:  To move all the text on the screen upward or downward, and, in some cases, sideways. See viewport, window.  (CTR, ETR, GSTR, PI)
scroll bar:  A rectangular bar that may be along the right or bottom of a window. Clicking or dragging in the scroll bar causes the view of the document to change.  (GSTR, PI)
SECAM:  A French acronym meaning "sequential color with memory." A video standard originating in France and used in the USSR and other countries.  (GSH)
sector:  A division of a track on a disk. When a disk is formatted, its surface is divided into tracks and sectors.  (GSH, P16)
sector:  See track.  (GSF)
seedling file:  An organizational form of a ProDOS 16 standard file. A seedling file consists of a single data block.  (P16)
segment:  A component of an OMF file, consisting of a header and a body.  In object files, each segment incorporates one or more subroutines.  In load files, each segment incorporates one or more object segments.  (PI, P16)
segment kind:  A numerical designation used to classify a segment in object module format. It is the value of the KIND field in the segment's header.  (PI, P16)
selection range:  The series of characters where the next editing action will occur.  (GSTR)
self-booting:  Said of a program that executes automatically when the computer is turned on or reset.  (PI)
semiconductor:  A class of materials whose resistivity lies between that of conductors and insulators, for example, germanium and silicon. Solid-state electronics is based on the use of semiconductors.   (GSH)
sequence:  A series of commands that tells the computer what notes to play and when.  (PI)
sequential-access device:  See character device.  (P16)
serial:  A single-wire connection for the purpose of transferring bits of data one at a time, usually between a computer and a peripheral device. Compare parallel.  (GSH)
Serial Communications Controller (SCC):  A type of communications IC used in the AppleIIGS. The SCC can run synchronous data transmission protocol and thus transmit data at faster rates than the ACIA. Compare ACIA.  (GSH, GST)
serial interface:  A standard method, such as RS-232, for transmitting data serially (as a sequence of bits).  (GSTR, PI)  An interface in which information is transmitted sequentially, a bit at a time, over a single wire or channel. Compare parallel interface.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
serial port:  The connector for a peripheral device that uses a serial interface.  (GST, GSTR, PI)  The two connectors located at the back of the Apple IIGS main logic board that provide a means for communicating with peripherals (such as printers and local area networks) using a serial interface.  (GSH)
setup time:  The amount of time a signal must be valid in advance of some event. Compare hold time.  (CTR, ETR)
shadowing:  The process whereby any changes made to one part of the AppleIIGS memory are automatically and simultaneously copied into another part. When shadowing is on, information written to bank $00 or $01 is automatically copied into equivalent locations in bank $E0 or $E1. Likewise, any changes to bank $E0 or $E1 are immediately reflected in bank $00 or $01.  (GSF, GSH, P16)
Shaston:  The Apple IIGS system font.  (GSTR, PI)
shell:  A program that provides an operating environment for other programs, and that is not removed from memory when those programs are running.  For example, the APW Shell provides a command processor interface between the user and the other components of APW, and remains in memory when APW utility programs are running.  A shell is one type of controlling program.  (PI)
shell application:  A type of program that is launched from a shell and runs under its control.  Shell applications are ProDOS 16 file type $B5.  In APW, compilers and certain Shell commands are shell applications that are launched from the APW Shell.  (PI, P16)
shell call:  A request from a program to the APW Shell to perform a specific function.  (PI)
shut down:  To remove from memory or otherwise make unavailable, as a tool set that is no longer needed or an application that has quit.  (GSTR, PI)
silicon:  A solid, crystalline chemical element (symbol Si) from which integrated circuits are made. Silicon is a semiconductor; that is, it conducts electricity better than insulators, but not as well as metallic conductors. Silicon should not be confused with silica-that is, silicon dioxide, such as quartz, opal, or sand-or with silicone, any of a group of organic compounds containing silicon.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST)
simple variable:  A variable that is not an element of an array.  (CTR, ETR)
Simplified Keyboard:  See Dvorak keyboard.  (GST)
single mode:  In the List Manager, a selection mode that allows the user to select only one member of a list at once; that is, when the user drags the mouse, the selection moves from one member to another.  (GSTR)
640 mode:  An Apple IIGS video display mode, 640 pixels horizontally by 200 pixels vertically.  (PI)
6502:  The microprocessor used in the AppleII, in the Apple IIPlus, and in early models of the AppleIIe.  The 6502 is an NMOS device with an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit address bus.  (PI)
65C816:  The version of the 65816 microprocessor used in the Apple IIGS.  The 65C816 is a CMOS device.  (PI)
65816:  A general term for the type of microprocessor used in the Apple IIGS.  The 65816 is related to, but more advanced than, the 6502 microprocessor.  It has a 16-bit data bus and a 24-bit address bus.  (PI)
65816 assembly language:  A low-level programming language written for the 65816 family of microprocessors.  (PI)
size box:  A small region in the lower right corner of a window that the user can drag to change the size of the window.  (GSTR)
slop rectangle:  The rectangle that allows the user some margin for error when moving the mouse.  (GSTR)
slot:  A narrow socket inside the computer where the user can install peripheral cards. Also called an expansion slot.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
SmartPort:  A set of firmware routines supporting multiple block devices connected to the AppleIIGS disk port. See also extended SmartPort call and standard SmartPort call.  (GSF, GSH, PI)
Smartport:  A set of machine language routines used in the AppleII family for performing block device I/O. See Protocol Converter.  (CTR)
smoothing:  A LaserWriter printing option that asks the system to smooth out any bit-mapped fonts with jagged edges.  (GSTR)
soft switch:  Also called a software switch; a means of changing some feature of the computer from within a program. For example, DIP switch settings on ImageWriter printers can be overridden with soft switches. Specifically, a soft switch is a location in memory that produces some special effect whenever its contents are read or written.   (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, P16)
software:  A collective term for programs, the instructions that tell the computer what to do. Software is usually stored on disks. Compare firmware, hardware.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)  A group of instructions to the microprocessor, instructing it to perform certain functions, such as performing computations, displaying data on a monitor, reading data from and writing data to a disk. The group of instructions is known collectively as a program. Compare application program.  (GSH)
sound GLU (general logic unit):  The interface chip between the system hardware and the sound hardware.  (GSTR)
Sound Tool Set:  The Apple IIGS tool set that provides low-level access to the sound hardware.  (GSTR, PI)
source:  See source location.  (PI)
source code:  See source program.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
ource file:  An ASCII file consisting of instructions written in a particular language, such as Pascal or assembly language.  An assembler or compiler converts source files into object files.  (GSF, PI, P16)
source location:  The location (memory buffer or portion of the QuickDraw II coordinate plane) from which data such as text or graphics are copied.  Compare destination location.  See also source rectangle, destination rectangle.  (GSTR, PI)
source program:  The form of a program given to a language translator, such as a compiler or assembler, for conversion into another form; sometimes called source code. Compare object program.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
source rectangle:  The rectangle (on the QuickDraw II coordinate plane) where text or graphics are drawn when transferred from somewhere else.  Compare destination rectangle.  (GSTR, PI)
space character:  A text character whose printed representation is a blank space, typed from the keyboard by pressing the Space bar.  (CTR, ETR)
SPACE parity:  A bit value of 0 appended to a binary number for transmission. The receving device can look for this value on each character as a means of error checking.  (CTR)
sparse file:  A variation of the organizational forms of ProDOS 16 standard files. A sparse file may be either a sapling file or a tree file; what makes it sparse is the fact that its logical size (defined by its EOF) is greater than its actual size on disk. This occurs when one or more data blocks contain nothing but zeros. Those data blocks are considered to be part of the file, but they are not actually allocated on disk until nonzero data is written to them.  (P16)
special memory:  On an Apple IIGS, all of banks $00 and $01 and all display memory in banks $E0 and $E1. It is the memory directly accessed by standard Apple II programs running on the AppleIIGS.  (GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
spool printing:  A two-step printing method used to print graphics on the ImageWriter.  In the first step, it writes out (spools) a representation of your document's printed image to a disk file or to memory.  IN the second step, this information is converted into a bit image and printed.  Compare draft printing.  (GSTR, PI)
SRQ list:  A special tool mechanism that can be used to poll the Apple Desktop Bus for data from specific devices.  (GSTR)
SRQ list completion routine:  Used in conjunction with the ADB Tool Set routine AsyncADBReceive, this completion routine obtains ADB data from a buffer. The only major difference between this routine and the AsyncADBReceive completion routine is that the SRQ list routine has an extra return address on the stack when it is called. Compare AsyncADBReceive completion routine.  (GSTR)
SSC:  Abbreviation for Super Serial Card, a peripheral card that enables an AppleII to communicate with serial devices.  (GSF)
stack:  A list in which entries are added (pushed) and removed (pulled) at one end only (the top of the stack), causing entries to be removed in last-in, first-out (LIFO) order. The stack usually refers to the particular stack pointed to by the 65C816's stack register. Compare queue.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, , GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
stack pointer:  See stack register.  (GSTR, PI)
stack register:  A hardware register in the 65C816 processor that contains the address of the top of the processor's stack.  (GSF, GSH)
stack register:  A register in the 65816 processor that indicates the next available memory address in the stack. Also called S register.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
stage byte:  Determines the actions taken by an alert. See also alert stage.  (GSTR)
standard AppleII:  Any computer in the AppleII family except the AppleIIGS. That includes the AppleII, the AppleII Plus, the AppleIIe, and the AppleIIc.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
Standard Apple Numerics Environment (SANE):  The set of methods that provides the basis for floating-point calculations in Apple computers. SANE meets all requirements for extended-precision, floating-point arithmetic as prescribed by IEEE Standard 754 and ensures that all floating-point operations are performed consistently and return the most accurate results possible.  (GST, GSTR, PI)
standard file:  One of the two principal categories of ProDOS 16 files. Standard files contain whatever data they were created to hold; they have no predefined internal format. Compare directory file.  (P16)
Standard File Operations Tool Set:  The AppleIIGS tool set that creates a standard user interface for opening and closing files.  (GSTR)
Standard File Operations Tool Set:  The Apple IIGS tool set that creates a standard user interface for opening and closing files.  (PI)
standard instruction:  An instruction automatically present when no superseding instruction has been received.  (CTR, ETR)
standard linker (APW):  One aspect of the linker supplied with APW.  The operation of the standard linker is automatic.  Compare advanced linker.  (PI)
standard SmartPort call:  A SmartPort call that allows data transfer to or from anywhere in standard AppleII memory, or the lowest 64K of AppleIIGS memory. Compare extended SmartPort call.  (GSF)
standard window controls:  The window controls that allow the user to scroll through the data in the window, change the window's shape, or close the window.  They also provide information about the document currently displayed in the window.  (GSTR, PI)
START:  The name of the program in the SYSTEM/subdirectory of the startup disk that is launched automatically when the system is booted.  START is typically a finder or program launcher.  (PI)
start bit:  A transition from a MARK signal to a SPACE signal for one bit-time, indicating that next string of bits represents a character.  (CTR)
start bit:  One or two bits that indicate the beginning of a character in a string of serially transmitted characters.  (GST)
start up:  To get the system or application program running.  (PI)
start up:  To get the system running. It involves loading system software from disk, and then loading and running an application. Also called boot.  (P16)
start up:  To get the system running. Starting up involves loading system software from disk, and then loading and running an application. Also called boot.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR)
starting value:  The value assigned to the index variable on the first pass through a loop.  (CTR, ETR)
startup disk:  A disk with all the necessary program files-such as the Finder and System files contained in the System folder in Macintosh-to set the computer into operation. In AppleII, sometimes called a boot disk.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
statement:  A unit of a program in a high-level language that specifies an action for the computer to perform. A statement typically corresponds to several instructions of machine language.  (CTR, ETR)
static segment:  A program segment that must be loaded when the program is started and cannot be removed from memory until execution terminates. Compare dynamic segment.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
static text:  Text on the screen that cannot be altered by the user.  (GSTR, PI)
status register:  A location in the ACIA (at $C099 for port 1 and $C0A9 for port 2) that stores the state of two RS-232-C signals and the state of the transmit and receive data registers, as well as the outcome of the most recent character transfer.  (CTR)  A register in the 65816 microprocessor that contains flags reflecting the various aspects of machine state and operation results.  (PI)
step value:  The amount by which the index variable changes on each pass through a loop.  (CTR, ETR)
stop bit:  A bit indicating the end of a character in a string of serially transmitted characters.  (GST) A MARK signal following a data string (or the optional parity bit), indicating the end of a character.  (CTR)
storage type:  An attribute of a ProDOS 16 file that describes the file's organizational form (such as directory file, seedling file, or sapling file).  (P16)
string:  A sequence of characters.  See C string, Pascal string.  (CTR, ETR, GSTR, PI)
string bounds rectangle:  The smallest rectangle that would enclose all the foreground and background pixels of a string if the string were to be drawn.  (GSTR)
strobe:  A signal whose change is used to trigger some action.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
structure region:  An entire window: its content region plus its frame region.  (GSTR, PI)
style dialog box:  A dialog box that allows the user to specify formatting information, page size, and printer options.  (GSTR, PI)
style subrecord:  A data structure within the print record that contains information gathered from the user via the style and job dialog boxes.  (GSTR)
styled variation:  An italicized, bold, underlined, or otherwise altered version of a plain-styled character or font.  (GSTR, PI)
subdirectory:  A file that contains information about other files.  In a hierarchical file system, files are accessed through the subdirectories that reference them.  (GST. GSTR, PI, P16)
subroutine:  A part of a program that can be executed on request from another point in the program and that returns control, on completion, to the point of the request.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
Super Hi-Res:  Either of two high-resolution Apple IIGS display modes.  320 mode consists of an array of pixels 320 wide by 200 high, with 16 available colors; 640 mode is an array 640 wide by 200 high, with 16 available colors (with restrictions).  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI)
swap pair:  A pair of oscillators that form a functional unit (called a generator) when the digital oscillator chip (DOC) is in swap mode.  (GSTR)
switch event:  An event that indicates the application is being returned to after being switched out of by a switcher-type application.  (GSTR, PI)
switcher:  A controlling program that rapidly transfers execution among several applications.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
symbolic reference:  A name or label, such as the name of a subroutine, that is used to refer to a location in a program.  When a program is linked, all symbolic references are resolved; when the program is loaded, actual memory addresses are patched into the program to replace the symbolic references. (This process is called relocation.)  (PI)
sync signal:  A signal which exists for the purpose of synchronizing two devices. Frequently generated by a video generator and used by a video monitor to synchronize the video display to the separate video information. In the AppleIIGS, the sync signal is mixed with the video information resulting in the composite video signal.  (GSH)
synchronous:  A mode of data transmission in which a constant time interval exists between transmission of successive bits, characters, or events. Compare asynchronous.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
synchronous transmission:  A transmission process that uses a clocking signal to ensure an integral number of unit (time) intervals between any two characters. Compare asynchronous transmission.  (CTR, ETR)
syntax:  (1) The rules governing the structure of statements or instructions in a programming language. (2) A representation of a command that specifies all the possible forms the command can take.  (CTR, ETR)
synthesizer:  (1) A hardware device capable of creating sound digitally and converting it into an analog waveform that you can hear. (2) By analogy, any sound-making entity, such as the Free-Form Synthesizer in the Sound Tool Set.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI)
system:  A coordinated collection of interrelated and interacting parts organized to perform some function or achieve some purpose-for example, a computer system comprising a processor, keyboard, monitor, disk drive, and software.  (CTR, ETR, GST, P16)
system call:  See operating system call.  (P16)
system clock:  See clock (1).  (GSTR)
system configuration:  See configuration.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
system disk:  A disk that contains the operating system and other system software needed to run applications.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
system event mask:  A set of flags that control which event types get posted into the event queue by the Event Manager.  (GSTR, PI)
system failure:  The unintentional termination of program execution due to a severe software error.  (GSTR, PI)
System Failure Manager:  A firmware program that processes fatal errors by displaying a message on the screen and halting execution.  (P16)  A part of the Miscellaneous Tool Set that processes fatal errors by displaying a message on the screen and halting execution.  (GSTR, PI)
system file:  See system program.  (P16)
system file level:  A number between $00 and $FF associated with each open ProDOS 16 file.  Every time a file is opened, the current value of the system file level is assigned to it.  If the system file level is changed (by a SET_LEVEL call), all subsequently opened files will have the new level assigned to them.  By manipulating the system file level, a controlling program can easily close or flush files opened by its subprograms.  (PI, P16)
system folder:  The SYSTEM/subdirectory on a ProDOS 16 system disk.  (GSTR, PI)
system font:  The font that QuickDraw II uses as the default current font when a new GrafPort is opened.  (GSTR)
system library prefix:  ProDOS 16 prefix number 2/.  It specifies the directory containing library files used by system software.  (PI)
System Loader:  The program that manages the loading and relocation of load segments (programs) into the Apple IIGS memory.  The System Loader works closely with ProDOS 16 and the Memory Manager.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
system menu bar:  The menu bar that always appears at the top of the screen in desktop applications. It contains all of the commonly used functions such as File, Edit, and so on. Compare window menu bar.  (GSTR, PI)
system prefix (ProDOS 8):  The one prefix maintained by ProDOS 8.  (PI)
system program:  (1) A software component of a computer system that supports application programs by managing system resources such as memory and I/O devices. Also called system software. (2) Under ProDOS 8, a stand-alone and potentially self-booting application. A ProDOS 8 system program is of file type $FF; if it is self-booting, its filename has the extension .SYSTEM.  (CTR, ETR, GST, P16)
system software:  The component of a computer system that supports application programs by managing system resources such as memory and I/O devices.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
system window:  A window in which a desk accessory is displayed.  (GSTR, PI)
TAB:  An ASCII character that commands a device such as a printer to start printing at a preset location (called a tab stop). There are two such characters: horizontal tab (hex 09) and vertical tab (hex 0B). TAB works like the tabs on a typewriter.   (CTR, ETR)
task code:  A numeric value assigned to the result of each event handled by TaskMaster.  Compare event code.  (GSTR, PI)
task mask:  A  parameter passed to TaskMaster, specifying which types of events Taskmaster is to respond to.  (PI)
TaskMaster:  A Window Manager routine that handles many typical events for an application.  Applications may call TaskMaster instead of GetNextEvent.  (GSTR, PI)
television set:  A display device capable of receiving broadcast video signals (such as commercial television broadcasts) by means of an antenna. Can be used in combination with a radio-frequency modulator as a display device for the AppleII family of computers. Compare video monitor.  (CTR, ETR)
template:  A data structure or set of parameters that defines the characteristics of a desktop feature, such as a window control. The NewWindow parameter list is a template that defines the appearance of a window to be opened by the NewWindow call.  (GSTR, PI)
terminal mode:  The mode of operation in which the AppleIIGS acts like an intelligent terminal.  (GSF)
text:  (1) Information presented in the form of readable characters. (2) The display of characters on a display screen. Compare graphics.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
text block:  A number of ASCII characters in a buffer, with the number specified separately.  (GSTR)
text buffer:  A 1-bit-per-pixel pixel image reserved for the private use of the QuickDraw II text-drawing call.  (GSTR, PI)
text file:  A file consisting of the ASCII representation of characters.  (PI)
text file format (TFF):  A file that consists of ASCII representations of characters. Compare object module format.  (GSTR)
text mode:  One of 16 possible interactions between pixels in text being drawn to the screen and pixels on the screen that fall under characters being drawn.  Compare pen, drawing mode.  (GSTR, PI)
Text Tool Set:  The Apple IIGS tool set that provides an interface between Apple II character device drivers and applications running in native mode.  (GSTR, PI)
text window:  A window on the desktop within which text is displayed and scrolled.  (GST)  An area on the video display screen within which text is displayed and scrolled.   (CTR, ETR)  That portion of the screen that is reserved for text. After starting the computer, the firmware uses the entire display for text. However, if you wish, you can restrict the text video activity to any rectangular portion of the display.  (GSH)
text-based interface:  An interface between computer and user in which all screen drawing (or other output) consists of characters.  The form of each character is stored in ROM and can be involved with a single byte of data.  Compare graphic interface.  (PI)
TFF:  See text file format.  (GSTR)
320 mode:  An Apple IIGS video display mode, 320 pixels horizontally by 200 pixels vertically.  (PI)
tick count:  The (approximate) number of 60th second intervals since system startup.  (GSTR, PI)
title bar:  The horizontal bar at the top of a window that shows the name of the window's contents. The user can move the window by dragging the title bar.  (GSTR, PI)
tool:  See tool set.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
tool call:  A call to a function within a tool set.  (PI)
Tool Locator:  The Apple IIGS tool set that dispatches tool calls. The Tool Locator knows and retrieves the appropriate routine when your application makes a tool call.  (GSTR, PI)
tool pointer table (TPT):  A table, maintained by the Tool Locator, that contains pointers to all active tool sets.  (GSTR, PI)
tool set:  A group of related routines (usually in ROM) that perform necessary functions or provide programming convenience.  They are available to applications and system software.  The Memory Manager, the System Loader, and QuickDraw II are Apple IIGS tool sets.  (GSF, GSH, GSTR, PI, P16)
tool table:  A list of all needed tool sets and their minimum required versions.  An application constructs this table in order to load its RAM-based tool sets with the LoadTools call.  (GSTR, PI)
toolbox:  A collection of built-in routines on the AppleIIGS that programs can call to perform many commonly needed functions. Functions within the toolbox are grouped into tool sets. See Apple IIGS Toolbox.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
TPT:  See tool pointer table.  (GSTR)
traces:  Electrical paths that connect the components on a circuit board.  (CTR, ETR)
track:  (1) One of a series of concentric circles magnetically recorded on the surface of a disk when it is formatted.  Each track is further divided into sectors.  Each sector can hold several K of data.  (2) A grouping of items in a musical sequence.  The Note Sequencer supports multiple tracks to facilitate writing multi-instrument music.  (GSF, GSH, PI, P16)
transfer mode:  A specification of which Boolean operation QuickDraw II should perform when drawing. See, for example, XOR.  (GSTR, PI)
transistor-transistor logic (TTL):  (1) A family of integrated circuits having bipolar circuit logic; TTL ICs are used in computers and related devices. (2) A standard for interconnecting such circuits, which defines the voltages used to represent logical zeros and ones.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
transmit data register:  A location in the ACIA (at location $C098 for port 1 and $C0A8 for port 2) that holds the current character to be transmitted.  (CTR)
tree file:  An organizational form of a ProDOS 16 standard file. A tree file consists of a single master index block, up to 127 index blocks, and up to 32,512 data blocks.  (P16)
troubleshoot:  To locate and correct the cause of a problem or malfunction, especially in hardware. Compare debug.  (CTR, ETR)
TRUE:  Not zero. The result of a Boolean operation. The opposite of FALSE.  (GSTR, PI)
TTL:  See transistor-transistor logic.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
TTL RGB:  A type of video monitor that can accept only a limited number of digital values and display only a correspondingly limited number of colors. Stands for transistor-transistor logic, red, green, blue. Compare analog RGB.  (GSH, GST, PI)
turnkey disk:  See startup disk.  (CTR, ETR)
type-ahead buffer:  A buffer that accepts and holds characters that are typed faster than the computer can process them.  (GST)
typeID:  A subfield of the user ID. The User ID Manager assigns a typeID value based on the type of program (application, tool set, and so on) requesting the memory.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
unary operator:  An operator that applies to a single operand. For example, the minus sign (-) in a negative number such as -6 is a unary arithmetic operator. Compare binary operator.  (CTR, ETR)
unbuffered:  A style of input and output that does not use a buffer for I/O; reading and writing is done one character at a time.  (GSH)
unclaimed interrupt:  This occurs when the hardware Interrupt Request Line is active, indicating that an interrupt-producing device needs attention, but none of the installed interrupt handlers claims responsibility for the interrupt.  (GSTR)
unconditional branch:  A branch that does not depend on the truth of any condition. Compare conditional branch.  (CTR, ETR)
underline:  (1) A style of text. (2) A method used to separate groups of items in a menu. An underlined item does not use any more space, on the screen or in memory, than the item does without the underline. Compare dividing line.  (GSTR)
unhighlight:  To restore to normal display. Selected controls, menu items, or other objects may be highlighted (usually displayed in inverse colors) while in use and unhighlighted when not in use.  (GSTR, PI)
unload:  To remove a load segment from memory. To unload a segment, the System Loader does not actually "unload" anything; it calls the Memory Manager to either purge or dispose of the memory block in which the code segment resides. The loader then modifies the Memory Segment Table to reflect the fact that the segment is no longer in memory.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
unlock:  To permit the Memory Manager to move or purge a memory block if needed.  Opposite of lock.  (GSTR, PI)
unmovable:  See fixed.  (GSTR, P16, PI)
unpack:  To restore to normal format from a packed format.  (GSTR, PI)
unpurgeable:  Having a purge level of zero.  The Memory Manager is not permitted to purge memory blocks whose purge level is zero.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
unreal font:  A font that was scaled by the Font Manager from a real font of a different size or added by an application and marked as unreal. Compare real font.  (GSTR)
update:  A type of window event, signifying that all or part of the window needs to be redrawn.  (PI)
update event:  An event posted by the Window Manager when all or part of a window needs to be redrawn.  (GSTR, PI)
update region:  A description of the part of a window that needs to be redrawn.  The Window Manager keeps track of each open window's update region.  (PI)
user:  A person operating or controlling a computer system.  (GST)
User ID:  An identification number that specifies the owner of every memory block allocated by the Memory Manager.  User ID's are assigned by the User ID Manager.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
User ID Manager:  A part of the Miscellaneous Tool Set that is responsible for assigning user ID's to every block of memory allocated by the Memory Manager.  (GSTR, PI, P16)
user interface:  The rules and conventions by which a computer system communicates with the person operating it.  (GST)
utilities:  Programs that let you rename, copy, format, delete, and otherwise manipulate files and volumes.  (GST)
value:  An item of information passed from a calling routine to a function. Compare result.  (P16) An item of information that can be stored in a variable, such as a number or a string.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
variable:  (1) A location in the computer's memory where a value can be stored. (2) The symbol used in a program to represent such a location. Compare constant.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
VBL:  Short for vertical blanking, an interrupt signal generated by the video timing circuit each time it finishes a vertical scan, 60 times a second.  (GSH, GST)
vector:  (1) The starting address of a program segment, when used as a common point for transferring control from other programs. (2) A memory location used to hold a vector, or the address of such a location.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI) A location containing a value that, when added to a base address value, provides the address that is the entry point of a specific kind of routine.  (GSF)
version:  A number indicating the release edition of a particular piece of software. Version numbers for most system software (such as ProDOS 16 and the System Loader) are available through function calls.  (P16)
vertical blanking:  The interval between successive screen drawings on a video display.  It is the time between drawing the last pixel of the last scan line of one frame and the first pixel of the first scan line of the next frame.  (PI)
VGC:  See Video Graphics Controller.  (GSH)
video:  (1) A medium for transmitting information in the form of images to be displayed on the screen of a cathode-ray tube. (2) Information organized or transmitted in video form.  (CTR, ETR, GST) An electrical signal containing information that may be obtained visually when displayed on a video monitor. Information organized or transmitted in video form. See also NTSC, PAL, SECAM.  (GSH)
Video Graphics Controller (VGC):  The custom IC on the Apple IIGS main logic board responsible for generating all video used in the Apple IIGS.  (GSH)
video monitor:  A display device that can receive video signals by direct connection only, and that cannot receive broadcast signals such as commercial television. Can be connected directly to the computer as a display device. Compare television set.  (CTR, ETR, GSH, GST, P16)
view rectangle:  The rectangle within which text in an edit record is visible; that is, the portion of the text in the destination rectangle that the user can see is determined by the view rectangle.  (GSTR)
viewport:  All or part of the display screen used by an application program to display a portion of the information (such as a document, picture, or worksheet) on which a program is working. Compare window.  (CTR, ETR)
visible region:  The part of a window that's actually visible on the screen.  The visible region is a GrafPort field manipulated by the Window Manager.  (GSTR, PI)
voice:  Any one of 16 pairs of oscillators in the Ensoniq sound chip on the Apple IIGS.  (GSTR, PI)
volume:  An object that stores data; the source or destination of information. A volume has a name and a volume directory with the same name; information on a volume is stored in files. Volumes typically reside in devices; a device such as a floppy disk drive may contain one of any number of volumes (disks).  (CTR, ETR, P16)
volume bit map:  A portion of every ProDOS 16-formatted disk that keeps track of free disk space.  (P16)
volume control block (VCB):  A data structure set up in memory by ProDOS 16 to keep track of all volumes/devices connected to the computer.  (P16)
volume directory:  A ProDOS 16 directory file that is the principal directory of a volume. It has the same name as the volume. The pathname of every file on the volume starts with the volume directory name.  (P16)
volume name:  The name by which a particular volume is identified. It is the same as the filename of the volume directory file.  (PI, P16)
warm start:  The process of transferring control back to the operating system in response to a failure in an application program. Compare cold start.  (CTR, ETR, GST)
wavetable:  A group of data bytes in memory used as data by the DOC to generate sound. The wavetable is built by using the DOC to digitize an analog input signal and placing the resulting data bytes in sound RAM memory.  (GSH)
wedge:  A filled arc, one of the fundamental shapes drawn by QuickDraw II.  (GSTR, PI)
window:  A rectangular area that displays information on a desktop. You view a document through a window.  You can open or close a window, move it around on the desktop, and sometimes change its size, scroll through it, and edit its contents. The area inside the window's frame corresponds to the port rectangle of the window's GrafPort.  (GST, GSTR, PI) The portion of a collection of information (such as a document, picture, or worksheet) that is visible in a viewport on the display screen. Compare viewport.  (CTR, ETR)
window definition procedure:  A procedure used to define the appearance and behavior of a custom window.  (GSTR)
window frame:  The outline of the entire window plus certain standard window controls.  (GSTR, PI)
Window Manager:  The Apple IIGS Tool Set that updates and maintains windows.  (GSTR, PI)
window menu bar:  A menu bar that appears at the top of the active window, below the system menu bar. It can contain document titles, applications, and functions. Compare system menu bar.  (GSTR, PI)
window record:  The internal representation of a window, where the Window Manager stores all the information it needs for its operations on that window.  (GSTR, PI)
word:  A group of bits that is treated as a unit. For the AppleIIGS, a word is 16 bits (2 bytes) long. Compare long, long word.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
wraparound:  The automatic continuation of text from the end of one line to the beginning of the next; wraparound means that you don't have to press the Return key at the end of each line as you type.  (GST)
write:  To transfer information from the computer to a destination external to the computer (such as a disk drive, printer, or modem) or from the computer's processor to a destination external to the processor (such as main memory).  (CTR, ETR)
write protect:  To protect the information on a 5.25-inch disk by covering the write-enable notch with a write-protect tab, preventing the disk drive from writing any new information onto the disk. Compare copy protect.  (CTR, ETR)
write-enable notch:  The square cutout on one edge of a 5.25-inch disk's jacket. If there is no write-enable notch, or if it is covered with a write-protect tab, the disk drive can read information from the disk, but cannot write on it.  (CTR, ETR)
write-only memory:  A form of computer memory into which information can be stored but never, ever retrieved. For more information, refer to The Life of Homberg T. Farnsfarfle, by Bruce Tognazzini.  (GSH, GST)
write-protect tab:  (1) A small adhesive sticker used to write protect a 5.25-inch disk by covering the write-enable notch. (2) The small plastic tab in the corner of a 3.5-inch disk jacket. You lock (write protect) the disk by sliding the tab toward the edge of the disk; you unlock the disk by sliding the tab back so that it covers the rectangular hole.  (CTR, ETR)
x flag:  One of three flag bits in the 65C816 processor that programs use to control the processor's operating modes. In native mode, the setting of the x flag determines whether the index registers are 8 bits wide or 16 bits wide. See also e flag, m flag.  (GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI)
X register:  One of the two index registers in the 6502 OR 65C816 microprocessor.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
XOFF:  A special character (ASCII value $11) used for controlling the transfer of data between a microcomputer and a serial peripheral device. When one piece of equipment receives an XOFF character from the other, it stops transmitting characters until it receives an XON. See handshaking, XON.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
XON:  A special character (ASCII value $13) used for controlling the transfer of data between a microcomputer and a serial peripheral device. See handshaking, XOFF.  (GSF, GSH, GST)
XOR:  Exclusive-OR.  A Boolean operation in which the result is TRUE if, and only if, the two items being compared are unequal in value.  (GSTR, PI)
Y register:  One of the two index registers in the 6502 OR 65C816 microprocessor.  (CTR, ETR, GST, GSTR, PI)
z flag:  A bit in the 65816 processor's Processor Status register that is set to 1 if the last operation resulted in 0 (zero).  (GSTR)
zero page:  The first page (256 bytes) of memory in a standard AppleII computer (or in the AppleIIGS computer when running a standard AppleII program). Because the high-order byte of any address in this part of memory is zero, only a single byte is needed to specify a zero-page address. Compare direct page.  (CTR, ETR, GSF, GSH, GST, GSTR, PI, P16)
zoom box:  A small box with a smaller box enclosed in it found on the right side of the title bar of some windows. Clicking the zoom box expands the window to its maximum size; clicking it again returns the window to its original size.  (GSTR, PI)
zoom region:  The window region that corresponds to the zoom box.  (GSTR, PI)
a:  A modifier key on some AppleII keyboards. On the AppleIIGS keyboard, the equivalent key is called simply the Apple key; it is marked with both an Apple icon and a spinner, the icon used on some Macintosh keyboards.  (GSF)
